Islamic religiosity of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants and their descendants in six European countries. An exploration of residence country, community, and individual level effects.

The religiosity of Muslim immigrants in Europe has become a popular topic for research. Where recent quantitative studies show that secularization is stagnating, qualitative studies have found the emergence of localized version of Islam; such as a French, Dutch or British Islam. Quantitative studies that have used general population surveys may have underestimated the role of cross-national differences because of problems of sample selection. One of the few cross-national migrant studies, TIES, focuses on the second generation. This paper aims to complement existing knowledge by analyzing data from a migrant-survey conducted in six European countries (SCIICS) among two immigrant groups (Turks and Moroccans) and includes multiple generations. It looks at four indicators of religiosity: religious identification, mosque visits, observance of dietary rules, and religious orthodoxy. It examines a range of individual level factors including social contacts with majority group members and residence country identification. At the residence country level, effects of policies of religious accommodation are explored. The results show several significant cross-national differences but these cannot easily be traced back to differences in religious accommodation or religiousness of the majority population.