Education et emploi

On the basis of information from the Third Cameroon Household Survey of 2007, the present study attempts to analyze the factors that may favor children's exclusion in terms of investments in human capital and future earnings; to develop policies that can improve conditions for them, notably their schooling. The study's methodology is founded on two approaches. First, a descriptive analysis used to evaluate the “real” incidence of the group of children who are economically inactive and not enrolled in school—that is, the situation that may occur in the absence of domestic work, of job seeking, and of illness and/or injury. Second, the econometric approach suggests a deep analysis insofar as the character of the information provided by a descriptive approach is partial. First of all, on the basis of a simple logit model, it attempts to reveal the determinants of children's “inactivity,” in particular the relationship between household income and children's exclusion from both work and school. Finally, econometric spline estimation studies the U or inverted-U relation between these two variables, which would suggest a Kuznets' curve.

The goal of this study was to support organizations for the disabled in Ivory Coast, with a view to influencing policies and practices to eradicate exclusion and poverty. The methodology of implementation of the evaluation consisted in devising a work program for the preparation of the study, devising the tools to be used for data collection and sampling, the actual data collection process, and the processing and analysis of the data. Our study reveals that the socioeconomic situation of disabled persons (DP) is relatively fragile and many needs are not met at the family level and in society. Overall, DP have generally satisfactory relations with the members of their families. The unmet needs of DP at the level of the family are financial, economic and social in nature, and the complaints of the disabled mainly concern insufficiencies in communication and understanding. At the community level, DP described difficulties with access to basic services and funding and unmet needs in terms of protection and human rights. The population of DP is relatively young, and the majority are male (68%).

It is a concern of all political leaders to create mechanisms that facilitate job creation. Unfortunately, what is required is not only to create jobs but to create jobs of acceptable quality. The present article proposes an approach to decent employment through a new concept advocated by the I.L.O., namely “vulnerable employment.” Generally, these individuals work in the informal sector and rarely benefit from a social safety net, one of the pillars of decent work. The indicator that can be used to measure this phenomenon is the vulnerable employment rate. This is the relationship between the sum of family and own-account workers and the total working population, expressed as a percentage. The work will be organized around four points: 1. What is a decent job? Here the concept will be defined through a brief literature review and then adapted to the Cameroonian context. 2. Scale of the phenomenon in Cameroon. It will be measured through the vulnerable employment rate but also the rate of informality, the dependent employment ratio, the proportion of employed women in the non-agricultural informal sector, of income

A number of studies concur on the view that family breakdown is one of the most important factors in breakdowns in schooling such as school failure and dropouts (Brigras, Dubeau & Lafrenière, 1991; Miron, 1987). This article will show the influence of children's family trajectory on their school success through a verification of the hypothesis that the greater the number of changes in the family situation, the greater the chances that an adolescent will encounter school failure. The article is based on four approaches: sociodemographic approaches that highlight the importance of the characteristics of the families/households that children are from and their personal characteristics; sociocultural approaches that show the influence of sociocultural practices on school trajectories; and socioeconomic approaches that found their analyses on the capital that families possess. The data are from an event history survey conducted in a medium-sized city in Cameroon in 2010, on “poverty and unsatisfied needs in reproductive health among youth and adolescents [pauvreté et les besoins non satisfaits en santé de la reproduction des jeunes et adolescents]” and bears on youth and adolescents between 15 and 34 years of age. The analysis is based mainly on event history analysis methods, notably the [Translator's note: missing] method.

The question of unemployment in general remains one of the major preoccupations of African youth in general and Burkinabé youth in particular. Unemployment seems, moreover, to be affecting the most highly educated more and more, raising the question of whether this situation is linked to job creation or to a mismatch between training and jobs. What quantitative assessment can be carried out on this question of the determinants of unemployment? What political solutions are under consideration? The answers seem to be of interest to all actors in socioeconomic life. The taking of youth into account in all development policies and strategies plays a central role in explaining the dynamics of systems of education, training and employment, in combination with social, economic, demographic, political and cultural variables; and vice versa. These interdependencies can lead, in many cases and in short, to traps of poverty, unemployment or under-development. This article is part of a research project on the determinants of unemployment trends and the source of their change between 1985 and 2006 in Burkina Faso. Hence, it proposes to measure the impact of the economic climate on the observed evolution of youth unemployment.

Chad is one of the poorest countries on the planet, which, paradoxically, possesses abundant potential resources, undeniable assets for its economic development. The country's process of sustainable development continues to be hampered by numerous factors, such as the disarticulation of economic structures, the high cost of factors of production, the weak capacity of development actors as well as the imbalance between the demands of human activity and the national resource base. Results have shown that 4,931,536 have been counted at all levels combined, with men representing 47.1% and women 52.9%; 51.7% men and 48.3% women in urban areas, versus 45.7% men and 54.3% women in rural areas; 57.4% of men and 42.6% of women are employed; 87.3% of men and 12.7% of women hold salaried positions. On the other hand, 69.3% of men and 30.7% of women were use [sic] labourers whereas 58.8% of men and 41.2% of women were self-employed or worked in the informal sector to survive. Inequalities to the disadvantage of women are the result of inequalities in access to education and training, explaining their minority status among salaried workers. Gender inequalities persist.

Employment-related problems continue to grow in both industrialized and developing countries, with large numbers of women and men exposed to unemployment or constrained to precarious, temporary or poor-quality jobs. In Cameroon, despite low levels of unemployment at the national level, the unemployment rate among holders of post-secondary qualifications is substantially higher than among those with lower levels of education. Given this observation and in keeping with the recommendations of the Summit of Heads of State and Government of the African Union in Ouagadougou in 2004, several actions have been undertaken in Cameroon to promote the creation and monitoring of employment, including notably the creation of a ministry in charge of employment problems, of an Observatory on Employment (ONEFOP), and of the National Youth Council (Conseil national de la jeunesse). The provision of incentives in favor of self-employment and youth employment through projects and support programs such as the Integrated Support Project for Informal Sector Actors (Projet intégré d'appui aux acteurs du secteur informel – PIAASI), the artisan support project, the Support Program for Rural and Urban Youths (Programme d’Appui à la Jeunesse Rurale et Urbaine -- PAJER-U), etc. Only one of these initiatives, the Graduate Jobs Program (Programme Emplois Diplômés -- PED) specifically targets holders of post-secondary qualifications in general. The objective of this communication is to identify the causes of unemployment among holders of post-secondary qualifications.

In most countries around the world, unemployment is perceived by the population and by political leaders as a major economic, social and personal problem. Given the level of development of the informal sector, which offers relatively easy access to employment (90% employment), it may be wondered why certain individuals remain unemployed for so long. Hence the pressing need to study the characteristics of such long-term unemployed individuals in order to understand this situation. This communication will attempt to explain long-term unemployment, not only in terms of demographic, occupational and economic characteristics, but also through the introduction of dimensions that are often not considered in this type of research: namely, psychological and social variables. It seems that certain individual characteristics of job seekers influence the duration of their time out of work.

The countries of the Maghreb are entering into the final phase of the demographic transition. The rate of population growth is decreasing, as is fertility.This results from a matrimonial and contraceptive revolution. Demographic indicators suggest that profound changes in the model of the family are underway. The complex family is giving way to a nuclearized model. This does not yet mean two children per couple, given the diversity of reproductive norms and behavior within each of these countries. The image of the family is valued, but demand for children is decreasing more or less everywhere. These changes are leading to modifications in the age structure of the population. Demographic projections show an increase in the population of working age and in the educational system. A population of young people with better education and higher qualifications than earlier generations is aspiring to an advantageous position on the labor market. Condemned to unemployment and prolonged single life, they are implicitly pushed toward informal work, trafficking or emigration. The governing classes see a value in this youth emigration. It reduces pressures on the employment market and contributes to improving the balance of payments, which is jeopardized by deficits in the balance of trade.