Living arrangements and family support of older people

Present study makes an attempt to unearth the changing pattern of living arrangement for elderly and explores the socio-demographic and compositional factors contributing to this. Using information on age, sex, relationship to the head, household structure and living arrangement is being calculated from the three rounds of Demographic Health Surveys. Findings reveal that percentage of nuclear household has increased from 55.7 in 1992 to 64.9 in 2005. The increase is decomposed and it is found that change in propensity to live in nuclear household has the major contribution (53%) to this increase, propensity change by age (32%) and region (19%) has shown the largest contribution to the increase.Compositional change due to population ageing (14%), education (14%) and urbanization (7%) have encouraged to this increase most. Larger increase in adjusted percentage of elderly living alone is found among southern India (4.4%), lower affluent level(3.5%), female and not educated elderly. Similarly, higher increase in elderly living with spouse only is observed among southern, male and rural elderly. Study concludes though, India has still strong co-residence system but this system of living arrangement is undergoing rapid transition towards nuclear households which is alarming and should be concern for policy for graying population.

This study investigates association of elderly abuse and social adjustment in rural settings in Bargarh district of Odisha, India. While analyzing the relationship between elderly abuse and social adjustment underlined socio-economic factors (age, education, living arrangement, gender, education, income and marital status) and individual status variable (physical health, mental health and family relationship) are introduced as a moderator. This study is conducted among 360 elderly (60+), including both male and females, distributed across 18 primary sampling units (PSUs) through multistage sampling design. Results indicated decreased cohesion and adaptability in socio –economic factors and individual status increases perception of social isolation, and poorer social adjustment among abused elderly. Elderly who were abused showed a low social adjustment score and vice versa. , These pattern of evidence suggest that the abused elderly who had low social adjustment score and lived in social isolation may lead to depression, hopelessness, unhappiness shame and guilt leading to stress which in turn effects their health in longer run.
Keywords: Abuse, social adjustment, socio-economic factors, elderly

While the current level of ageing in India is not as advanced as in Europe or East Asia, the rapid declines in fertility and increases in longevity, especially in South India, have set the stage for rapid ageing in the coming decades. In 2001, there were about 18 million people aged 60 or over (about 8 percent of the population) in South India, a region comprising of the four southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. And in the coming decades this is projected to increase substantially. When this happens, in contrast with other advanced countries or regions, South India will have an ageing population before it is wealthy and before institutional support structures are in place to meet the needs of the elderly. Families, the traditional source of support for the elderly in South India, are getting smaller as result of reduction in fertility and, in rural areas, due to migration. Thus, elderly are increasingly deprived of many aspects of family support in their daily lives. Using both quantitative and qualitative data, this paper will examine the living arrangements of the elderly and its influence on the nature of social support.

According to 2010 census, elderly person comprise 5.6 percent of Mongolia’s population and projected to increase 10.8 percent in 2025. “Oldest old” (70+) comprises about 2.3 percent in 2010 and will increase to 4.5 percent in 2030. At present, life expectancy reached 72.3 years for female and 64.9 percent for male and expected to be 77.6 years for female and 73.1 years for men in 2030.

The process of ageing is likely to bring extra burden on the national budget due to increased expenditure health care, retirement and pension benefits. In 2012, 8 percent of the GDP and 11.5 percent of the government revenue spent for elderly population. Traditionally, older persons have relied for income on their own earnings, family transfer payments and government handouts both in the form of social pensions and subsidies. Though the tradition of adult offspring and other relatives providing support for older persons remain strong, this support is rapidly shrinking as a result of declining family sizes. Objective of my paper will address intergenerational relation issue diving into three parts such as formal support, family support and community support.

Keywords: Ageing, intergenerational transfer, formal, family and community support.

Background. We investigate individual-level variations across Europe in grandparental childcare and whether key family cultures and labour market structures are important for shaping the role grandparents play in family life.
Methods and Data. We use data from two comparable European surveys (SHARE, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe; and ELSA, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing) and macro-level indicators (such as proportion of mothers not in paid work) to investigate personal, familial and institutional characteristics associated with grandparental care across 11 European countries. Multilevel analysis was used to examine to what extent a country’s cultural-contextual environment and individual-level characteristics help to explain variations in intensive grandparent childcare.
Results. Our preliminary findings show that grandparents in poor health, who are older than 70 and who are in paid work are less likely to provide childcare. However, socio-economic and demographic characteristics do not fully explain the dramatic differences observed across Europe in the prevalence of intensive grandparental childcare. Our analyses support the hypothesis that cultures and structures (which in turn influence policies) shape the extent to which grandparents provide intensive childcare across Europe.

One of the main social effects of extension of life is the extended period of widowhood for many Indian women. According to 2001 Census, there are 34 million widows in India constituting 6 percent of the total female population and 52 percent of the women over the age of 60 years. The living arrangement of the elderly widows is seen as a parameter of great importance in understanding their status after widowhood. Using the data collected from field survey of 300 elderly widows from rural Jharkhand, the paper tries to examine whether the living arrangements of elderly widows have any bearing on the status of their psychological condition. The study found that thirteen percent of the elderly widows are living alone or ‘left behind’, which show their changed status in family after becoming widow. Around one fourth of elderly widows reported that their children took decision regarding their living arrangements. It has also found that some of the elderly widows were not so happy with their present living arrangements but they are forced to stay. Majority complained of “loneliness” and “lack of care” from the family indicating the extent of frustration among them. 31 percent of young-old widows were severely depressed. The elderly widows who are living alone, around 36 percent are severely depressed.

Using data from different rounds of employment and unemployment surveys (EUS) of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), we examine the labour force participation rate (LFPR) of older persons in India from 1983 to 2009-10 and analyse how different socio-economic and demographic factors are associated with labour force participation decision making at older age in India. The paper also reviews the conditions of work for the elderly in India. The results show that LFPR of older persons in rural India remained almost stable between 1983 and 2009-10, despite the rapid economic growth that India experienced in the same period. Further, the results show that among the elderly those who belong to relatively poor socio-economic status are more likely to participate in the labour force. Also it is observed that large percentage of the elderly workforce are engaged in poorly paid jobs in the informal sector, either as casual workers or as self-employed in low skilled or unskilled occupations. This suggests that given the inadequate social security for the majority of the older persons and the declining traditional support from adult children with the growth of nuclear families, continuing to work can be the only option for old age support for the majority in India.

This study is first in a series of multi-topic papers on ageing in seven states covering all regions of India. It identifies which elderly are most vulnerable to living alone and familial support they receive from children- instrumental and in-kind. The Building a Knowledge Base on Population Aging in India (BKBPAI) data is used- a novel survey encompassing 9,852 elderly. We find that a majority of elderly co-reside with other family members, but 22 percent of elderly either live alone (6%) or with spouse only (16%). Due to higher widowhood among women, they are more likely to live alone. Migration of children emerges as the most important reason for elderly living alone; however family conflicts and preference for independence are important. Additionally: illiterate, poor and socially marginalized elderly are more likely to live alone. Kin support through monetary transfers and frequent meetings is twice as likely for elderly living alone.

Today 27th IUSSP International Population Conference is going to discuss about international population management development, before it to start I have say thank you very much to all of you, my especial thank for them who are going to arrangement the wonderful international population conference to them and all members of IUSSP, this Busan City is famous not only environment but also his ancient eminent history, today we sat together to discuss the most important thing is population management for future, about this my view is definitely separate than others , I have to say that we all similar point but mine point same to all of you , I hope what I will have thought for population management for future ,it I called ‘imagination for population management future’
This topic I have divided two part for explaining the nature of population ,what the output of the nature of population, of this two what mine imagination , in here I try to briefly elaborate, I can expect all of you included all research personality you all can understand it

By using the data from the survey of Chinese Healthy Longevity Survey conducted in 2008, this paper focuses on effects of different living arrangements on their cost of direct daily health care for Chinese elderly. Having taken effect of zero and heteroscedasticity in the latent variable model into account, this paper employs Tobit regression model and bootstrap error estimation to understand living arrangement disparities in the direct daily health care cost. Our results indicate that variable of respondents’ living arrangement is significantly associated with direct daily health care cost. Those living in nursing homes cost more than those living with their children or live alone. Meanwhile, it also turns out that medical insurance for seniors is deficient for elderly. There is no phenomenon of medical insurance abuse, but medical insurance shortage in the field of seniors’ medical insurance. When we combine the desired living arrangement with this study, the following policy implications are obvious: convert sickness-oriented health consciousness to health-oriented consciousness.; continue to carry out and deepen ‘home-based care’ for the elderly grounded on community.; continue to reform medical insurance, increase coverage of medical insurance, and establish long-term care insurance for the Chinese elderly.