Age patterns of adult mortality in relation to causes of death and increasing longevity

Objective To determine patterns and risk factors for cause-specific adult mortality in rural southern Tanzania. Method The study was a longitudinal open cohort and focused on adults aged 15–59 yrs from 2003 to 2007. Causes of deaths were ascertained by VA. Cox proportion hazards regression model was used to determine factors associated with cause-specific mortality over the 5-year. Results 1352 of 65548 adults died, representing a crude AMR of 7.3 per 1000PYO. HIV⁄AIDS [231(20.4%)] was the leading cause of death followed by malaria [150(13.2%)]. AMR for CD causes was 2.49 per 1000PYO, 1.21 per 1000PYO for NCD and 0.53 per 1000PYO for accidents⁄injury causes. NCD deaths increased from 16% in 2003 to 24% in 2007. High level of education was associated with a reduction in the risk of dying from NCDs. Those with primary education (HR=0.67, 95% CI:0.49, 0.92) and with education beyond primary school (HR=0.11, 95% CI:0.02, 0.40) had lower mortality than those who had no education. Compared with local residents, in-migrants were 1.7(95% CI:1.37, 2.11) times more likely to die from CD causes. Conclusion NCDs are increasing as a result of demographic and epidemiological transitions taking place in most African countries including Tanzania and require attention to prevent increased triple disease burden of CD, NCD and accident ⁄ injuries.

Mortality among adults should be addressed as a priority in Brazil because it has become relatively more important than mortality in other groups. Reliable mortality data are important in particular for monitoring homicide and road traffic accidents, which are the top causes of death among adult males in Brazil. However, deaths coded to ill-defined diseases and ill-defined injuries still represent a substantial proportion of all deaths. The aim of this proposal is to evaluate the mortality from ill-defined causes of death in 2000-2010 and the impact of the health services’ investigation into measures of adult mortality among men in 2010 in Brazil. The proportion of ill-defined causes of death among male adult deaths in Brazil was 10.5% in 2000 and in 2010 the proportion fell significantly to 6.6% after investigation and to 1.9% after correction. Ill-defined injuries fell from 9.0% in 2000 to 5.2% in 2010 after investigation and 0.6% after data correction. After adjustment, homicide and road traffic accidents were estimated to have caused 30% of all deaths in men. The findings indicate the importance of adjusting the data based on the improved strengthening of expertise in death investigation of ill-defined causes.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) account for about one-third of all deaths worldwide and more than half of these occurred in developing countries. Little is known about the demographic impact of the disease in Africa. This paper used demographic methods to examine the impact of cardiovascular disease mortality on the overall mortality in South Africa. We used the mortality data from the WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) for South Africa in 2005 to estimate gains in life expectancy and chances of survival had cardiovascular disease been eliminated from the population in 2005, given the age-and cause-specific mortality conditions of the period. The results showed that CVD accounted for more than one-tenth of male and female deaths in this population. There was a probable gain in life expectancy at birth (5.2 years for males and 0.9 year for females) and chances of survival also increased when CVD was eliminated. Effective intervention need to be put in place in South Africa so as to minimize the risk factors of the disease. This will eventually help to improve the health status in the country which has already been over-burdened with HIV/AIDS.

Whether natural or iatrogenic, the menopause is associated with a symptom complex, arising because of hormonal deficiency. The onset of menopause among Indian women has also been reported in early ages to the women having tendency of obesity and the onset starts at the early age of 25years. Mean age at menopause in Indian women ranges from 40.32 to 48.84years. The socio-cultural and psychological factors contribute further in its manifestations: Vasomotor symptoms; Atrophic tissue symptoms; Psychological symptoms; and other manifestations such as Hypertension, Ischemic heart disease, Osteoporosis.
The present observational, cross sectional study was carried out in urban women having (controlled sample) The Body Mass Index 30% or more (Moderately obese to Severely obese). The sample size of 1170 has been selected from amongst the school, college and university teachers, office goers and bankers. The sample population (N=1170) has shown various symptoms of menopause from natural to induced. Data has been analysed using SPSS 16.0 for windows. For qualitative variable mean and Standard deviation was calculated. Statistical significance between the three age groups was assessed by the use of one way ANOVA.

Human life length tripled in historical times. To examine whether an end to increases in life length is imminent, we computed the median life length and the remaining life expectancy for 6,560 life tables from 1800 to 2008. Within almost all intervals of 20 years, for almost all countries, as median life length increased, the remaining life expectancy at the median life length decreased linearly. This empirical pattern in life tables has not been previously observed. The slope and intercept of this linear relation differed among countries in a given time interval and among time intervals for a given country. This linear relation suggested a hypothetical, easily calculated index of maximal median life length (MMLL) for a given country and time interval, namely, the median life length, according to this decreasing linear relation, at which the remaining life expectancy is zero. In successive 20-year time intervals starting from 1800-1819, the largest value (over all countries, within a given 20-year interval of observation) of this MMLL increased by more than one year of life per year of calendar time. There was no sign of a decreasing rate of increase, suggesting that a limit on median life length is not imminent.