Multiple faces of the health transition

The objectives of this study are to identify the situation of children infected and affected by HIV/AIDS, the children’s primary caregivers, and the needs and the priority of the needs of the children. This study utilized a combination of three methods to collect data such as synthesizing information from available secondary documents, quantitative study and qualitative study. More than a half of primary caregivers for children infected and affected by HIV are over 60 year-old, bad health, and low income. 94% of households said that their income is not sufficient to spend. 44.4% of households have unstable income. About 24% of children infected and affected by HIV are living in the houses with poor condition. The situation of physical and psychological health of the HIV-infected children is very bad. The biggest difficulty for children affected by HIV/AIDS is access to education because of lack of money to pay tuition fees, and discrimination. The children suffer from the discrimination in both their communities and their families. The first needs of the whole children is educational support, the second is medical examination and treatment support and the third is the support related to nutrition. Key words: HIV-infected children, children affected by HIV, support needs, primary caregivers, maternal or paternal grandparents...

The last century in Brazil witnessed profound social, economic and demographic changes. According to the Bureau of Census, female life expectancy at birth increased from 34.6 years in 1910 to 77.26 years in 2010. At the same time, the educational composition of the population has changed dramatically. In the 1940s, only 25 percent of the children aged 5 to 14 years were enrolled in school. Currently, nearly all children aged 7 and 14 years attend school, and positive advances in attendance rates have been also documented for the secondary and tertiary education. In this article, we examine the extent to which changes in the age-specific distribution of education, between 1960 and 2010, have contributed to the decline in adult mortality among women in Brazil. Our analysis follows other applications in the literature (e.g. Preston and Stokes 2011) to measure the reduction in mortality that would occur if exposure to specific risk factors were changed to a counterfactual level, also known as the population attributable fraction. The effects are not trivial: about 41% of life expectancy gains at age 30, between 1960 and 2010, are attributable to changes in educational composition of the female population.

This paper analyzes the level and change in mortality from external causes teens to Argentina in the period 2000-2010. To meet the same will inquire about the level of mortality from external causes and its impact on life expectancy. The group of external causes impacts mainly on the age group of adolescents and young people.
The study provides a quantitative approach and descriptive. Applies Years Index lost life expectancy used to "determine how many years should have lived people who die early" (Arriaga, 1996, p. 11).
The source of data used are the official records of deaths by cause of death, sex and age of the deceased.

Background: Inequalities in diseases act as a brake on economic development. Extant literature is full of studies on regional inequalities in maternal and child health in India, but studies examining regional inequalities in the occurrence of diseases are limited.
Objective: Data from India Human Development Survey conducted in 2004-05 is used to test hypotheses: first, diseases are uniformly distributed among all regions of India; and second, there is no regional variation in the occurrence of risk factors.
Methods: The present study had measured six outcome variables namely occurrence of TB, mental illness, cancer, diabetes, high BP and heart disease. The other outcome variables were risk factors like smoking, chewing tobacco, alcohol drinking and living in crowding condition. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used.
Results: Findings of the study reject the both hypothesis. There are enormous regional inequalities in the occurrence of diseases. Interestingly there is no single pattern in the occurrence of diseases among regions. Some diseases have a high prevalence in a particular region, but other disease has a very low prevalence in that particular region.

Objective: The study seeks to test the effects of social and demographic factors on the health status of children under 5 years of age in Iran.

Methodology: For data analysis, the logistic regression was applied. The relations and extent of effects of the selected independent social and demographic variables on the dependent variable of health of children under age 5 .

Results: The survey outcomes confirm that health status of children under 5 years of age is affected by the social and demographic factors. A review of the health of children under 5 revealed that the independent variable of parents' education, particularly when mother steps up from illiterate status to the primary education level, greatly affects improvement of health status and among the children under study.

Health is a necessary condition for social roles; people can have a complete activity in society when they feel themselves healthy and also society deems them healthy. With increasing age, the elder health could be at risk. At present, the elderly population has a rapid growth in different age groups and the greatest increase in the elderly population will occur in developing countries such as Iran in the near future.
The aim of this research is to study: how is the status of health of elderly people in Tehran? Elderly women have a better status than men in the four domains of health? In terms of health status, which elderly groups are better or worse? Do elderly married have better health than unmarried ones? The elderly, who are currently employed, experience better health in all aspects than elderly people who retired or elderly housewives.
The results indicate that the total elderly men have better health than older women in all areas of health. In all areas of health, elderly married people have better health than currently unmarried ones. Elderly people work or retirement experience more health than elderly housewives and disabled ones. Also, older women have the lowest level of health.

Key words: elderly, physical health, mental health, social health,
environmental health.

The death rates of regional subpopulations, accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in their distribution of deaths were analyzed. There was found that force of mortality alter the frailty distributions of regional subpopulations. At the end of the health crisis in Ukraine regional subpopulations of East and South are less heterogeneous in their distribution of deaths in comparison with the population from North and West. Changes in the frailty distribution resulted in lower standardized life expectancy of about half a year for the population of North. The subpopulations of East and South manifest the lowest standardized life expectancy. The absence of any effect among West subpopulation supports the assumption that the power of health crisis influence on the frailty distribution in regional subpopulations depends of population epigenetical background.

Background: Though, education has positive impact on health but education alone will not help in recognizing, reporting health problems and utilization of health care. Similarly, in case of maternal health, women need proper health knowledge to recognize health problems and opting for health care; otherwise misconception may lead to adverse health outcomes. The study assesses the level of health knowledge of women and its systematic association with the reporting of maternal health problems and health care utilization by Indian women.
Methods: Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS-2005) data is used. Simple bivariate and multivariate analyses: binary logistic regression, multinomial regression, principal component analysis and significance test are used.
Results: Though socio-economic factors ar important predictors of reporting of maternal health problems and utilization of maternal health care, the study found a huge variation in reporting of maternal health problems and health care utilization within same socio-economic groups by level of health knowledge. Increasing level of health knowledge is positively associated with reporting of greater pregnancy and post-natal complications and greater level of ante-natal, institutional delivery and post-natal care seeking by women.

Minimum basic needs of human being has extended from the food and shelter & clothing to health and education. Collectively all four basic human needs lead to the productive human resource, which in turn attain all basic human needs. Such development has changed the definition of poverty from merely a function of nutrition and price level based income to the multi dimension of human poverty; long term household economic condition, health status of the household members and education attainment. Encompassing the all dimensions of poverty, multidimensional poverty affects the overall health of the population measured in terms of life expectancy. In this paper multidimensional poverty and corresponding life expectancy has been calculated using NFHS1 (1992-93) and NFHS3 (2005-06) data for India and major states. Results show that 8% households were below poverty line in 1992-93 which reduced to 4% in 2005-06 with the corresponding life expectancy of 60 and 63 years respectively. Relative improvement in life expectancy during 1992-2006 is lowest among the persons belonging to the multidimensional poor household. Implying that highest achievement in population health, life expectancy, could be achieved through the improvement of all three dimensions health, education and economic condition of the poorest section of the society.

Preconception care is an important part of a woman’s overall reproductive health. The main goal of preconception care is to provide health promotion, screening and intervention of woman of reproductive age to reduce risk factors that might affect future pregnancies. It is a set of intervention, which includes both prevention and management, emphasizing health issues that require action before pregnancy. Preconception or intra-conception care is sought partially in Bangladesh. There is growing concern of STD/STI in recent years. The country has low HIV prevalence with the high risk. Preconception care can determine the risks of these pre-existing medical conditions for better health and also better pregnancy outcomes. A study from the Dhaka district shows that although the level of care is low but it has accrued impact on women’s health during pregnancy and delivery. The multivariate analysis shows that it is a significant determinant of antenatal care, institutional delivery, and treatment seeking for RTIs. IT is suggested that preconception care would be an effective tool of behavior change and it may be given priority in the existing health intervention to create demand of Emergency Obstetric Care (EOC) at the community level.