Gender, work and family (1)

According to the data and gender study from all over the world in the last twenty year, shows women are left behind than man on science and technology especially in education, carrier or participation on decision making, it including in Indonesia, (UNCSTD, 1995 dan UNESCO, 2007). Women disadvantages in science and technology in acess to get benefit on development and science and technology use.

The needs of information for women through IT to support their role in domestic and public are very complex. This study try to figure out women information needs on IT, in different group of women such as household women, enterpreuner and social activist in three different places. FGD was done to those different women groups. Prospective analysis was used to look the prioritiy according women on content in Kendal and Bandung.

This study shows that women needs on information are related with education, health and economy (enterpreuneur). This information also connect with women role in family as a wife or mother. Most of the women are lack of knowledge and access to IT due to: gender role, lack of property rights (such as komputer, internet, handpone), and women tend to high dependency to fulfill information needs from family and other people.

The present study seeks to explore major constructs of gender role attitude among women in Jharkhand and it also seems to examine various contexts of women’s autonomy. Thus this study examines the distribution and correlates of two different dimensions of women’s empowerment among women age 15-49 in Jharkhand. These dimensions are women’s participation in household decision-making and their attitude regarding specific inequalities in gender roles. Data used for present study is taken from third round of National Family Health survey (NFHS 3). Jharkhand state file has been used for the present analysis; where women age 15-49 were interviewed in all 2,483 sampled household therefore, information from 2,983 women’s were obtained. In order to ascertain data requirements and articulation of various issues pertaining to gender role attitude and women’s autonomy this paper uses applications of bi-variate and multivariate techniques. Results shows that Women in Jharkhand are disadvantaged absolutely and relative to men in terms of access to education, media exposure, and employment for cash. The majority of married women do not have the final say on the use of their own earnings or all other household decisions asked about. Traditional gender norms, particularly those concerning wife beating, remain strongly entrenched.

This work empirically determined the effect of the household structure around the participation of women in the labor market and in the decisions of fecundity in Colombia by considering the structure of the household as a cost proxy of the children raise and as an exploration of the care model of our society. It is studied the effect between mothers with children at pre-school age in urban and rural areas in Colombia, using data from the National demography and Health Survey, 2010. The empirical analysis is based on the estimation of a biprobit model on the participation of women in the labor market and on the fecundity decisions. As a result, it is expected that: 1) when women have at their disposition someone to care for their pre-school children care, they have a higher probability of participating in the labor market; 2) when women have at their disposition a public institution of child care, their probability of participating in the labor market increases substantially; 3) when women have at their disposition someone to care for their pre-school children, they have a lower probability of having more than one little child.

Several cross-country and within-country studies have hypothesized that a U-shaped relationship exists between women’s economic activity and economic development. Female labour force participation tends to decline initially with economic development, plateaus at a certain stage of development before rising again. This is argued to be mainly a result of structural shifts in the economy, changing influence of income and substitution effects, and an increase in education levels of women in the population. In this paper we test this U-shaped hypothesis for India using state-level employment data spanning the last twenty five years, 1983-84 and 2009-10. We find no evidence to support the U hypothesis in the Indian context. This finding is especially relevant as researchers attempt to explain the systematic decline in female labour force participation.

Drawing data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study that are fitted to Cox proportional hazard model, we attempt to uncover causal impacts of female labor force participation on childbirth decision in South Korea. To control for the dynamic processes in which soon-to-be mother choose to get out of labor force to give birth, we evaluate empirical datasets using three different birth-month lag scenarios: no lag, five and eight month lag. We evaluate parity-specific effects even though parities are limited to the first and second child due to small sample size in higher parities. Our preliminary results suggest that regarding the first childbirth decision, female labor force participation does not seem to make a chilling dent in fertility hazards. Female labor force participation, however, appears to affect the second childbirth decision in a negative direction though the impacts are not as great as widely publicized. Combining two parities, we find somewhat negative impacts of female labor force participation on fertility hazards. These results vary by different lag scenarios with biggest impacts detected in no lag scenario and lowest impacts observed in eight month lag scenario. Finally, these patterns do not change by different measures of female labor force participation.

Previous studies of gender preference were usually based on a gender discrimination approach. This approach identifies son preference with gender preference, and the causes of gender preference explained most through parents’ side. The primary purpose of this study is to provide an alternative theory of gender preference.
For this study, the value of children(VOC) is defined at the macro level, based on the Coleman’s Rational Choice Model. VOC consists of three elements-(1) the child capital, (2) the resources in which the child has interests but parents control, and (3) parent’s power. The first element is related to the demand side of the value of children: the side of parents who determine the resources in which they have interests but children control. The second and third elements explain why children of a particular gender provide their parents with child capital and how parents ensure they will obtain that capital. If these three elements of the value of children tend to concentrate in children of a particular gender, then the value of children of that gender is assumed to be higher than that of the other gender. Also the value of children of a particular gender is determined by the family strategy whereby individuals use their kin in the historical and cultural contexts of the society in which they live.

The work force participation rate of women is alarming when addressing the lack of labor force due to the aging population. Particularly in South Korea and in Japan, due to the exceptionally low fertility rate, it is an inevitable and urgent task to improve the labor market conditions surrounding females. Hence, for projecting the effects associated with the environmental change surrounding South Korean and Japanese females, an extended age-period-cohort model is fitted to the data on female labor force participation rates given by the age and period in South Korea and Japan. The results suggest that environmental changes surrounding females after 1980 indicate almost the same increasing trend for both countries.

This paper discusses the existing disparities in literacy in Uttarakhand state –the overall rate of literacy in the state jumped up to 79.6 per cent in 2011 from 57.7 per cent in 1991. While female literacy has increased at a faster rate than male literacy in last three decades, the gap in the male-female literacy has been a major hindrance in achieving the universalization goal of elementary education in the state. The literacy rates were 88.3% for males and, 70.7% for females in 2011. Sopher (1974) disparity index was used to study disparities in literacy by gender, and place of residence. Gender disparity was higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. But disparity between urban males vs rural females was lowered as compared to disparity between urban females vs rural females.

One of the significant changes in OECD countries in recent decades has been a substantial increase in maternal employment. While many children attend formal or informal childcare while mothers work, a substantial proportion of children in dual employed families are cared for only by their parents. This paper uses two Australian studies to explore how families manage dual employment without the use of non-parental childcare, with a focus on working arrangements used by mothers and fathers. The 2011 Australian Bureau of Statistics Child Care survey is used to examine job characteristics and childcare in a national sample of children aged up to 11 years. The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children is also used to look at work arrangements used when children are very young. Mothers were asked to report on the main jobs they and their partner had after the birth of their child, and what working arrangements each had used to care for their child. Open-ended responses from this survey are used to illustrate some of the findings on how work is managed without non-parental care. The findings highlight gendered patterns, but with certain job characteristics, especially working from home, related to the avoidance of non-parental care.

The aim of this research is to determine whether or not there are changes in household family arrangements in post-war El Salvador, and if these changes are related to remittances, the intra-home dependency rates, and sociodemographic characteristics of the household head (sex, age, education and work activity).

In order to do this, the analysis will focus on two different years: 1995 and 2010. The Multipurpose Household Survey (MHS) was used as the source of historical data. Family arrangements were built according to kinship with the household head as reported in the survey.