Gender, work and family (1)

In the patriarchal society of India, where male has the right of inheritance on property, headship of the household is also transferable to the male heir. A household is headed by female mostly due to loss of male breadwinner. Around 73 Per cent of female headed household is headed by widow and 12 per cent is headed by those, whose spouse is absent. Gendered vulnerability of households is reflected by the data of income, expenditure and assets, which shows that female headed household is on disadvantage on all the dimension of well being. The direct reason of poverty of female headed household can be observed in dependency of their household in the source of income which gives low return or work-force participation of head of household. Findings from logistic regression suggest that education, land-holdings, area of residence and source of livelihood are the important determinant which explain poverty among both male and female headed household, however marital status of head has emerged as an important determinant of poverty, which shows vulnerability among the household headed by widowed. This paper voices the duality of vulnerability faced by female and her household thus presents the less focused but important aspects of gender and demographic processes.

We study the parent-child transmission of gender roles in Spain using the Time-Use Survey of 2009-2010 (INE). Although this topic has been studied in other countries where gender differences are lower, there are few studies that analyze the phenomenon in a country where differences between male and female are more pronounced and traditional gender roles are more established. Using an indicator based on differences in unpaid work between siblings of different gender, we analyze the effects of parent characteristics, such as mothers’ occupation, fathers’ participation in domestic work, household income and parents’ education on the degree of transmission of gender roles. These variables are shown to explain much of the variation in child gender roles, supporting an important effect of child-parent mimicry in gendered behavior.

Power-resource approach based on Esping-Andersen’s views has been criticized, not considering women’s different experience on family care work. The welfare state should be understood as ‘a gendered power’ which enhances or alleviates gender inequality, supporting different type of family provisions embedded in institutional frameworks. Family policies involve gendered conceptions who are primary care givers, affecting gendered division of care work in family relationship.
Family policies can be divided into the following three types; Time-off, Cash, and Service as care provisions of family policy. Time-off involves a care conception of private duty, releasing economic needs. Cash indicates direct benefit transfer to private households increasing purchasing power. Service conceives care by public institutions to replace private care duty of families or women.
I will examine how different institutional frameworks embedded in family policies conceive care relation and how these affect gender inequality in care work. Especially, I will focus on different care time within couples and relational dynamics held in household contexts. For empirical evidence, I will use multilevel/hierarchical model to analyze both country and individual level. As data sets, I will use MTUS (Multinational Time Use Study) and OECD statistics.

Abstract
Background: With the rapid growth of the construction sector, the number of female construction workers has also increased. And the women working in the construction sector are vulnerable to several health problems which are inadequately addressed by the health sector.
Aim and objective: The proposed study intends to highlight the reproductive health problems of women in the construction sector. Apart from this, the study focuses on the health seeking behavior and the role of social support to address the reproductive health problems.
Methodology: The study was carried out both in the twin cities and the industrial city of Odisha by taking the women workers in the age group of 15-49. Around 300 respondents were selected randomly working at the construction site. A pre- designed structured questionnaire along with in depth interview technique was used to get the responses.
Conclusion: Women working in the construction sites are vulnerable to several factors like heavy workload, exposure to the substances at the workplace, stress, etc. Such work situations cause workers to experience abnormalities in their reproductive health and thus unknowingly remain infected for a longer period of time.
Keywords: Construction workers, reproductive health, coping strategy.

The recent rise in age at marriage, reduction in fertility and increase in the life span of men and women make Iran an interesting place to study different aspects of family development (i.e. children’s birth, growth and departure from the parental home). Using the 2009 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of Iran, this paper shows socio-economic differences in the timing of major family development stages and the spouses’ role behaviour as they go through successive stages. The results show that (1) the timing and the associated role behaivour of these stages vary by the level of education for both husbands and wives, (2) the role behavior (specially occupational, parental and domestic roles) greatly varies between husbands and wives and (3) both the timing and the role behavior trivially vary by the family’s economic status. These results not only contribute to the knowledge of family dynamics in Iran, but also help programme planning aimed at assisting people as they go through their life course. Future studies are needed to describe the spouses’ role expectations at each family development stage and their important correlates to provide a better understanding about gender role structures within family.

The recent rise in age at marriage, reduction in fertility and increase in the life span of men and women in Iran make this country an interesting place to study different aspects of family development (i.e. children’s birth, growth and departure from the parental home). Using the 2009 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of Iran, this paper shows socio-economic differences in the timing of major family development stages and the spouses’ role behaviour as they go through successive stages. The results show that (1) the timing of these stages and the associated role behaivour vary by level of education for both wives and husbands, (2) the role behaviour (particularly occupational, parental and domestic roles) greatly varies between wives and husbands and (3) both the timing and the role behaviour trivially vary by the family’s economic status. These results not only contribute to the knowledge of family dynamics in Iran, but also help programme planning aimed at assisting people as they go through their life course. Future studies are needed to describe the spouses’ role expectations at each family development stage to provide a better understanding about gender role structures within family.

The literature describes the arrival of the first child as an “unexpected” break in the couple’s equilibrium, source of crisis between the partners and sliding down satisfaction with different dimensions of life. The paper clarifies under which conditions changes in couple’s life satisfaction can effect parents’ expectation about the progression to the second child after the arrival of the first child. Couples postponing the progression to the second child are the ones reducing more the expectations to have another child during the first year of life of the first child. Among all the dimensions of satisfaction, satisfaction with the partner seems the strongest predictor for the quickest progression to the second birth. At the same time, couples that better predict how parenthood is going to be hard reduce less the expectation to have another child. Couples that do not find confirmation in their expected level of parental commitment decrease more their level of satisfaction and postpone the decision to have the second child. The analyses are conducted based on 9 waves (from 2001) of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Panel Survey.

In India, according to National Sample Survey 2009-10, the female work force participation rate is decreasing in India with a wide regional variation unlike other countries. This calls for an investigation so as to know how and why the rate is declining. We undertake the study to have an insight into the changing trend in female workforce participation within the period of 2004 to 2010. The data source for this study is ‘Employment and Unemployment Situation in India’ of the two rounds of National sample Survey organization (NSSO) namely; the 61th (schedule 10) and the 66 th (schedule 10) rounds conducted during 2004-05 and 2009-10 respectively. The dataset of the two time periods have been pooled and logistic regression analysis has been done so as to know the predictors of the low female workforce participation. The study finds that there has been decrease in female workforce participation (FWP) from 29 percent to 23 percent from 2004 to 2010 whereas the male workforce participation is same over the two periods i.e. 55 percent. The rural, younger, illiterate, poorest, never married, scheduled tribe and Muslim women have higher levels of unemployment.Number of self employed women is declining whereas casual work among women is increasing over the years.

Several studies have been conducted to understand tribal societies and their socio economic living conditions in India. Post the 1990s; these studies have an intense focus on assessing the impact of development efforts on tribal societies. These studies for northern and eastern regions of India have revealed extensive deprivation, marginalization and land alienation being experienced by tribal societies due the rapid process of industrialization initiated after the 1990s. In addition to these they are also gradually experiencing a shift in the traditional set up which is jeopardizing their culture and identity. These changes bear critical consequences especially for women making them doubly marginalized and vulnerable.

The paper analyzes the nature and dimensions of relationship between men and women and their relationship with institutions in tribal communities in Jharkhand. It also attempts to understand, in the light of their changing engagements in livelihood activities, the varied consequences for tribal women and how the tribal communities perceives and responds to these emerging changes. Several scholars have considered the gender relations in tribal societies to be equitable and that tribal women experiencing ultimate freedom. A culturally more nuanced lens provides the different shades and patterns of gen

Gender factor is the driver of gender transition in fertility in low-fertility countries. Prospects of demographic development and maintain a relatively high fertility depends on the availability of gender policy, and especially the involvement of men in child care and household work. Gender equity concept is also relevant to explaining fertility behavior of Russian population. To develop gendered demographic policy in context of men involving in childcare and domestic tasks it is necessary to investigate which patterns of male participation in child care we have in present time and which men have a more egalitarian or more traditional family behaviour in Russia. This paper is devoted to the role of men in the childcare and children’s upbringing in Russian families. The goal of the research is to figure out the factors determining the men’s participation in the children’s upbringing and care in Russian families and to draw the picture of the socio-demographic profiles of egalitarian and traditional men using satisfaction of partners with child care distribution. Data: Macrodata: Rosstat Time Use Survey 2010. Microdata: Gender and Generation Survey (GGS Russia); Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS). Methods: multivariate, factor, cluster analysis.