Poster session on Gender and population (1)

Dina Li Suarez, Perú
dinali_2000@yahoo.com
Asociación Peruana de Demografía y Población APDP
I. Summary
This paper analyzes the family work done by women and men in the domestic sphere, throughout the life cycle, differentiated according to the demographic and social characteristics, based on the National Survey on Time Use 2010. The data shows the increased participation of women in household chores and the care of people, work that constitutes a barrier and limits opportunities for women in the labor market, keeping its contribution invisible to economic development. It is this situation that keeps them in a relationship of economic dependence, leaving power to the male counterpart.
Women spend on domestic work 40 hours per week and men only 16 hours: 24 hours of work for which they receive no pay. Gender analysis highlights that gaps are larger in women who are married, less educated, living in rural areas and poorest, and have the greatest burden of domestic work, which is unpaid keeping the non-visibility given its low valuation and the exclusion of national accounts.

The aim of this paper is to compare the fertility differentials between internal fixed-date migrants and non-migrants in Brazil, in the periods 1995-2000 and 2005-2010, and to discuss the probable effects of the women’s migration in reproductive ages on the process of demographic transition in the country. The Brass’s Method will be used to correct the levels of fertility of fixed date immigrants and non-migrants in both periods. The data used in the estimations will be collected in the Brazilian demographic census of 2000 and 2010.
Preliminary results of the study for 12 mesoregions of Brazilian state of Minas Gerais suggest that there is relevant difference between the fertility of internal fixed-date migrant and non-migrant women for the analyzed periods. This fact could have contributed to retard the demographic transition in all mesoregions of the state, compared with the speed that this process would have in the absence of migration. Considering these preliminary results, to analyze the fertility differentials between migrant and non-migrant women could contribute to the understanding of the demographic transition in Brazil.

Women as half of the population play a vital role in socio-economic life of any society. Improvement or diminishing status of women makes socio-economic life process of the society enhanced or critical. Given the fact that women deal with the most important demographic event, fertility, and they cooperate closely in the family continuation, it is necessary to analyze their status. It helps to plan appropriate policies to enhance their situation. This paper aims to portrait status of women in Kermanshah province using data from different sources.

Drinking during pregnancy is currently defined as a serious public health problem in all Western countries. In the paper we analyze recent Swedish public health campaigns against drinking during pregnancy. Our data consist of campaign material produced by Swedish National Institute of Public Health and Swedish National Food Administration. The research question is tripartite. First, we analyze how drinking during pregnancy is defined in the public health campaigns as a health risk by using specific kind of scientific knowledge. Secondly, we ask what kinds of techniques the health campaigns recommend for women to restrain from drinking during pregnancy. Thirdly, we study how the health campaign messages address women. Do they address women as rational decision-makers by neutral risk information or as irrational and emotional actors by sentimental, exaggerated and fear raising risk images? The study will increase the understanding of how scientific research is used in the public health campaigns. It will also be informative in specifying how women can be addressed in the public health interventions as rational decision-makers or emotional actors or in both ways. This kind of information is much needed when developing rational and egalitarian alcohol policies, health campaigns and prevention projects.

This paper aims to explore SRB of migrants in Italy in order to shed light on the phenomenon of sex selection at birth and to help to address policies against that practice. Recent studies addressed the same issue for migrants or Indian and Chinese origin living in Italy (Meldolesi 2012; Blangiardo and Rimoldi 2012). Our objective is to go beyond these previous studies, analyzing births from mothers with a foreign background from countries where sex selection at birth is widespread and that are among the largest immigrant communities in Italy, including Albania and Montenegro, China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Data stems from the Survey on births from the Resident Population Registers and from the First Regional Survey on Sexual and Reproductive Health of Migrant Women held in Lombardy in 2010. Average SRB will be calculated for the period 1999-2011 by birthplace of mother. We will analyze births of first, second and third order. A comparison with SRB in the origin countries will be provided. Using a multilevel approach the relation among SRB of children and the mothers’ eventual experience of abortion will be explored.

The use of sex-selection technology is currently outlawed in Australia. The national ‘Ethical guidelines on the use of assisted reproductive technology in clinical practice and research’ (NHMRC 2004) state that ‘sex selection (by whatever means) must not be undertaken except to reduce the risk of transmission of a serious genetic condition’. Recent analysis of a large-scale representative survey found that 69 per cent of Australians disapprove or strongly disapprove of IVF for sex selection, and 80 per cent disapprove or strongly disapprove of sex-selective abortion (Kippen, Evans and Gray 2011).
These attitudes sit in tension with Australian preferences for sons and daughters shown in behaviour and attitudes. Australian parents are 25 per cent more likely to have a third child if their first two children are both boys or girls, as opposed to one of each, indicating that parents are ‘trying again’ to gain a child of the missing sex. Extra propensity is also seen in the progression to a fourth child if existing children are all of the same sex (Kippen, Evans and Gray 2007). These findings highlight the preference for at least one son and one daughter by Australian parents.
This paper uses data from a national attitude survey to investigates sex preferences in Australia for a hypothetical first born child and only child.

This paper attempts to study the influence of son preference of women on contraceptive use and the risk of having a subsequent birth(s) in Empowered Action Group (EAG) states and India. A modified Arnold (1985) Index was applied to District Level Health Survey (DLHS, 2007-08) data to estimate the extent of son preferences. It was estimated that if son preference was completely eliminated, contraceptive acceptance would increase by approximately 10 percent and sterilization by 18 percent in the India. Increase of contraceptive use in the absence of son preference in high fertility states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh by more than 16 percent point will help to reduce the overall population growth. In all EAG states women who don’t have any son, intend to have another child. However, if women are having at least one son then the future intention to have another child reduces drastically.

India is second larget home not only to the world’s population but also to diabetic patients. Such ‘overlapping health & demographic transition’, with non-communicable diseases as leading cause of mortality and morbidity in a country burdened with communicable diseases has altered the socioeconomic gradient in the prevalence of diabetes significantly with greater concentration of risk factors among the poor. Therefore public health policies need to diverge from a typical ‘lifestyle’ related explications of diabetes and must examine the coping with diabetes in a broader ‘social determinants’ perspective. Coping strategies are often based on cognitive, emotional and action-oriented efforts linked to diabetes involving lifestyle modifications and harm reduction. Unlike other chronic diseases, that have medium valence, lower controllability via medical intervention, Diabetes have high changeability and low ambiguity thus enough room for problem-oriented forms of coping. However, many studies have highlighted that contextual factors such as sociocultural environment have crucial bearing and explains differentials in coping among men and women. Thus this paper engages with the social determinants in health framework to analyze the influence of social and material deprivation (or abundance) that is associated with coping of diabetes.

Analysts found that even in the face of unequal distribution of housework, wives are content and untroubled by this. My main interest is to look at the outcomes of unequal distribution of household work. In this paper the specific outcomes are considered to be the satisfaction regarding the distribution of housework, the conflict over the distribution of housework, satisfaction with the relationship and the thoughts of divorce. I will try to analyze if the perceived distribution of housework has an effect on the quality of the relationship, mediated by the negative outcomes. I used the date from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey, for three Eastern-European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania). The results show that the distribution of household labor is the main factor in explaining the variation in the satisfaction with household labor, while the latter mediates the effect on the quality of the relationship and on thought of divorce.

Clinic-based studies routinely report a higher prevalence of domestic violence among HIV-positive women compared to HIV-negative women. This same association is not consistently found in population-based cross-sectional studies. The usual interpretation, if an association is detected, is that domestic violence leads to an increased risk of HIV. Yet a direct effect is unlikely. If domestic violence increases the odds of a woman having HIV, it must do so indirectly through her own risk behaviors, those of her partner, or her partner’s HIV status. Population-based studies seldom explicitly articulate and model the intervening paths through which domestic violence may influence HIV status; Variation in their findings may well depend on variations in the conceptualization of violence, analytic methodologies, and included covariates. Additionally, most studies are based on women’s data with limited information on partners’ HIV status and risk behaviors. This paper clarifies the ways in which domestic violence contribute to women’s HIV status, using recent DHS surveys from five Sub-Saharan countries with data on domestic violence, HIV test results and risk factors for both partners of married/in-union matched couples and guided by a conceptual framework depicting possible pathways by which violence could indirectly effect HIV status.