Gender-Based Violence

Several research in Egypt show that working women are exposed to higher levels of spousal violence than those who are not working. In this paper an in-depth analysis is performed using logistic regression to study such relation by accounting for detailed work characteristics, relative financial contribution of women to their household and their earnings relative to their spouses. Data from the Survey of Measuring the Situation of Women and Living Conditions (2007) are utilized. Common theories that explain the relation between women’s work and exposure to spousal violence are investigated to understand whether the symbolic or economic meanings of work are the lead factors in the relation in Egypt. Findings of this research goes with earlier research that shows that having secondary education or higher and living in households having highest levels of SES significantly lowers risks of exposure to spousal violence. Results support the dominance of the symbolic meaning of work; respondents working in jobs with higher quality (security) have lower risks of exposure; those who earn more than their spouses experience the highest level of exposure. Respondents who spend all their earnings in the household or have non-financial work-related problems with their spouses experience higher odds of exposure.

The objective of this study is to explore the attitudes of Qatari men and women towards wife beating for transgression of gender norms. Data for this study came from the 2012 Qatar Omnibus Survey, a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of 788 Qatari men and women aged 18 and above. This survey was conducted by the Social and Economic Survey Research Institute of Qatar University. Men and women were asked if they found wife beating justifiable under different scenarios of gender norm transgressions, such as leaving the house without husband’s permission or disrespecting in-laws. We evaluated these attitudes by key demographic factors. Overall, the level of acceptance of wife beating among Qataris is medium compared to other countries in the region. As expected, women were less likely to support wife beating compared to men, and university-educated women were more likely to oppose wife beating. Showing disrespect for husband was the most agreed common reason for both men and women to justify wife beating

Despite the challenges to efforts in Russia over the last 20 years to address the problem of violence against women, there is recognition of the problem. However, lack of domestic violence legislation in Russia is a barrier to the systematic collection of official statistics recording cases of violence against women.
The inclusion of questions on violence against women into the 2011 Russia Reproductive Health Survey (RURHS11) will help meet the need for more current and detailed information on family violence and characteristics of its victims.
38,1% of Russian women reported on lifetime verbal abuse, 19,8% reported lifetime physical abuse, and 3,9% reported having been forced to have sex by a current or previous partner. Almost three-quarters of physically abused women had spoken to someone about the violence, but only 10 % of them sought help from police.
Alcohol use is one of the most consistently identified risk factors for intimate partner violence. Recent physical or sexual violence was reported by 19% percent of women whose husbands were drunk almost every day or more.
Childhood exposure to violence is also a well-established risk factor for intimate partner violence later in a woman’s life. Almost half (45%) of women who had been physically or sexual abused as an adult, had witnessed abuse in their childhood home.

Sexual violence is a global public health concern. However, population-based studies of its determinants and reproductive health consequences remain scarce in Nigeria. Sexual violence in marital dyads and its possible negative reproductive health outcomes is a form of rape that remains to be understood. This paper investigates the nature and prevalence of Intimate partner sexual violence against women. The data is drawn from a study on Intimate Partner Violence among Ijesa of South Western Nigeria. . The results showed that 42.7% of all respondents experienced sexual violence. The logistic regression results showed that religion, occupation, type of marital union, desire for another child, age at marriage, knowledge of husband’s extra-marital relationship, the husband’s education, occupation, spousal age difference, sleeping together with husband on same bed, couple sharing secrets significantly affects the chances of experiencing violence. Women who have experienced sexual violence significantly have more births, had higher prevalence of STIs than those who never experienced sexual violence. Endurance is the main coping strategy employed by women who have experienced sexual violence. In sum, sexual violence has negative reproductive health consequences on women. The results underscore the need to prevent its incidence.

Female genital is a problem across East Africa with devastating effects on the victims.
According to UNICEF global databases (2011), over 70 million girls and women aged 15–49 years in Africa and in Yemen have undergone FGM/C. Approximately 60 per cent of them live in sub-Saharan Africa, while 40 per cent live in the Middle East and North Africa. More than 90 per cent of women aged 15–49 years have been cut in Djibouti, Egypt, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Somalia. Prevalence of FGM/C among women aged 15–49 years varies widely, from 98 per cent in Somalia to 1 per cent in Cameroon, Uganda and Zambia (http://www.childinfo.org/fgmc_progress.html).
Despite these positive measures, women continued to be the victims and survivors of unrelenting harmful laws, practices and crime. Violence and discrimination affected females across the age spectrum, including young girls.

While the importance of tourism industry on enhancing socio economic development of the local community is widely recognized in Tanzania. There is scant information on gender issues that exists in the tourism industry. This paper addresses the nature and character of gender issues in tourism industry in Tanzania. The study adopted mixed methods approaches where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS computer program, descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated to describe gender issues in tourism industry. The study found that women faces gender discrimination in work places but had low level of knowledge about gender issues. Economic factors was found to be a major cause for gender issues in tourism industry. Furthermore, the study found that women fear to expose gender issues due to different reasons such as to loose their jobs when exposing their male bosses and stigma from fellow colleagues and ignorance. The study recommends the employers of tourist industry to develop and strengthen workers knowledge to address gender issues in their respective work places. Moreover, the government and NGOs should design gender sensitive monitoring and evaluation tools for tracking gender issues in the tourism industry.

India is one of the highest crime rates in the world and women are prime victim of it. Traditionally, women are having lower autonomy in the society which led to even lower importance and reporting of crimes against women in India. This study re-assessed the nature, pattern, and levels of crime against women in India and its distribution; explored the factors contributing to it. Results revealed that over the period all crime rates in India are increasing. The bulk of crime against women is contributing from hurt, molestation and domestic violence. However, kidnapping and murder substantially high. The state level figures revealed that Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh the metro cities of these states are with high prevalence of crime against women. Among the predictors of all crime against women Alcohol consumption, log of GDP and poverty are the key predictor’s emerging from this study.

Social development among youth is deeply rooted in opportunities, skills and recognition that acquire through interactions with family members, peers, teachers, neighbors, coaches and many others. Based on the ecological developmental framework this paper tried to assess the impact of multi facet violence exposure during childhood among boys on their violent behavior.

The results shows that family processes, peer relationship, and neighborhood developmental trajectories in relation to violence increases the likelihood of perpetration of violence among youth. The gender equitable attitude which is a manifestation of learning from the very childhood have a huge influence on the likelihood of perpetration of physical as well as sexual violence among young boys.

The research indicates an early intervention strategies to better address the full complexity of influence that lead to aggressive behavior in the social ecology of childhood and early adolescence.

Most of the instruments developed for the measurement and analysis of empowerment have taken as a subject of analysis the married women or in union, proposing various indicators which take as a reference a marital relationship. However we want to look at possible differences that women with different marital status may have in terms of some dimensions of their empowerment process and then inspect and compare the role that these empowerment´s dimensions play in their risk of partner violence.
This work has three objectives. First, the estimation of various indexes related to the empowerment of women. Second, to compare the levels of married and unmarried women across these indicators. And third, to examine the associations between these empowerment dimensions and married and unmarried women’s risk of partner violence.
The data used comes from the Mexican National Survey of Household Relationship’s Dynamics 2011 (Endireh 2011). For the first objective Factorial Analysis is used to estimate additive and weighted indexes. For the second objective we use Analysis of Variance and t-tests. And finally we estimate separated logistic models (for married and unmarried women) to examine the associations of these empowerment dimensions and the risk of partner violence.

Domestic violence is a worldwide phenomenon which is experience by both men and women. Globally, concerns about domestic violence have been raised (Fischbach R, 1997), which has led to the setting of goals at international conferences to fighting for a sustainable and equitable society, free from all forms of violence and oppression.
This study looks at violence (physical, emotional and sexual) against both men and women by their intimate partners. The study used the 2008 Ghana demographic and Health survey data with 732 and 1671 ever married male and females respectively in its analysis. The relationship between background characteristics of respondents and the three forms of domestic violence was also analyzed.
The result revealed that, 33%, 21%,6% of the females has ever experienced emotional, physical and sexual violence respectively with 24% and 11% of the men respectively ever experiencing emotional and physical violence. The result also shows that, a significant relationship exist between a man’s age and physical violence (p<0.05), a man’s level of education and emotional violence. There is a significant relationship between a woman’s level of education and her experience of emotional and physical violence (p<0.05). 8% males and 18% females has ever experienced multiple violence.