The effects of violence on adolescents and youth

Development
Health Child in 2011 conducted a baseline survey among 344 sampled households in Eastern Uganda”. The research Correlated household sanitation to vital child health indicators including child nutrition, child illnesses
Design
The survey employed a cross-sectional study design, using both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods.
Findings
The mean number of people living in each household in the survey was 6. Mean number of children in each household was 4. Majority (60%) of the respondent reported that they don’t do anything to the water to make it safer to drink. 54% of the households own un-cemented pit latrines, while 22% use public pit latrines. nearly two-thirds (60%) households lack waste pits while (54%) lacked plate stands. Prevalence of diarrhea was at 20% attributed poor hygienic practices relating to waste disposal, food handling, and hand washing practices.
Stunting among children was at 43.5% stunted or severely stunted. 12.5% underweight or severely underweight and 7.8% wasted or severely wasted. Child nutritional status of was highly impacted by illness/infection and lack of safe clean water, safe sanitation facilities

This study investigates the effects of witnessing interparental violence among Filipino youth on their own use of violence against family members and close friends. The data source for this study was the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Perpetration of violence against family and friends among 21-22 year old youth was assessed through 2005 self-reports, and witnessing interparental violence during childhood was assessed through 2002 reports. 14% of females and 4.5% of males perpetrated violence towards family members-only in the 12 months before the survey. About 4% and 3% of females and males, respectively, perpetrated against close friends-only. 4% of females and 3% of males perpetrated violence against both family and friends. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that among male young adults, witnessing interparental violence increased the risk of perpetrating violence against family members-only, and both family and friends. Witnessing reciprocal interparental violence also predicted males’ violence towards family and friends. Among females, however, witnessing interparental violence did not increase the risk of violence perpetration. Further research recommendations and programmatic implications are discussed.

The changes in the age structure of the population, poverty or migration are often used to justify violence rates in Latin American countries, although there are no conclusive studies on this relationship. The bibliography that lists inequalities and violence, taking countries as analysis unities, indicates that the higher the socioeconomic heterogeneity greater violence. But studies comparing cities or neighborhoods of the same city show apparently contradictory results. For the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), Brazil, Aidar and Soares (2006) found that victimization against urban violence is higher in homogeneous areas, with low-income residents, than in more heterogeneous areas. The rate of homicides in the MRC has grown from 7.3 to 38.4 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants between 1980 and 2000. However, the trend seems to be reversing and the rate fell to 14 homicides per 100,000 in 2010. This paper studies violence in the MRC, analyzing mortality by homicides from a demographic and spatial perspective. These analyses aim to contribute to a wider understanding on the evolution of mortality by violent causes, its interaction with the physical and social spaces of the metropolitan areas, adding to this contribution the systematization, analysis e search for quality of available information.

This study examines whether parental characteristics represents risk factor for substance use and violent activities among youth (15-24) in both setting i.e. within and outside family. Study uses a national sample of 13119 married and 25197 unmarried youth from Youth in India study (2006-07). Logistic regression results show that parents’ behavior plays role in determining youth’s behavior towards substance use and involvement in violence. Parent’s substance abuse increases twice the risk of substance abuse among youth. Similarly, witness of parental violence increases risk of all three factors of substance use, spousal violence and communal fights among by 1.3, 3.1 and 1.5 times respectively. Years of schooling is showing positive impact on lowering the risk for substance use and violent activities among them. Early life experiences such as age at cohabitation, work and premarital sexual behavior is also found to have influence on substance use and violence or may be supporting each other. Therefore, along with early life experiences and low socioeconomic status of parents it is also parental behavior which makes youth vulnerable towards substance abuse and violence.

The purpose of this study is estimating the role of the parental criminality in determining juvenile crime in Italy. We focus on the effect of probation, a policy applied in Italy to juvenile offenders that is alternative to other specific measures and punishments related to juvenile law. We follow criminal activities of a cohort of individuals (1987) before age 18 and merge a representative survey with data from Prison Administration Department to follow the same young criminal for the minimum of 6 years. To estimate this impact, we calculate recidivism rates at 5 and 6 years of individuals treated with probation. The presence of parents that determine an intergenerational transmission of crime increases the measures of the effect of the recidivism rate in a range from 10 and 25 percentage points, based on the estimator used but irrespective of length in which recidivism rate is measured. The clear role of the parents in determining juvenile crime suggests likely social and economic benefits to extend probation to young adult.

Objectives:
- Analyze prevalence of early marriage among adolescent girls in Egypt.
- Recognize misbelieves of female early marriage.
- Identify the common hazards of young bride.
Background:
Child marriage is a gratification for overcoming the family’s financial and social needs. Adolescent childbearing carries higher risks of morbidity and mortality for the mother and child.
Methodology:
A total of 245 adult women aged 15-49 years were surveyed in the period from July 2011 to February 2012. A standard questionnaire in semi structured interview was used in surveillance.
Results and Findings:
The study revealed that 10 percent of women were married at age 15-19 and 90 % of them were pregnant with their first child at this age.
About 85% consider early marriage to get rid of girl’s burden. 62% feels that it is a religious demand, and 50% think that it prevents adultery.
The incidence of anemia with pregnancy 42%, pregnancy induced hypertension 12%, abortion 20%, premature labor 7% and cesarean delivery 33%. Divorce occurred in 14.4%, physical violence 33%, sexual violence 8% and illiteracy in 44.5%.
Conclusions:
Raising community awareness proved to be more successful in preventing child marriages than banning. Reproductive health agencies should contribute by offering proper health education and counseling.

Many Liberian children suffer the burden of malnutrition. Studies have revealed its consequences on children may be severe and irreversible with long lasting implications on those who suffer malnutrition in early childhood. Mothers are known to be the main providers of primary care to children, thus understanding the contribution of maternal characteristics on child nutrition is key towards addressing the problem. This paper examines the role of maternal socio-demographic characteristics on nutritional status of children measured by stunting, wasting and underweight. Analysis of DHS (2007) data indicated almost a third of children were chronically undernourished, a fifth underweight whilst six percent was acutely undernourished. This is significantly high by Sub Saharan Africa standards. Significant determinants of nutritional status were region of residence, age and sex of child, wealth and migration status during the war. Efforts should address enhancing women’s status in meeting the Millennium Development Goals.

In the last decade México has faced an increase in violence due to the reinforcing of local organized crime groups which main activities are drugs and people trafficking. This situation has involved an increasing violent environment which invaded all social spaces and it has affected the whole life of people of every age group. Particularly in Mexico, violence has an impact on its economic situation, social capital, but also on people health. Considering mortality as one of the most important indicators to diagnose the health situation of a population, undoubtedly youth was the most affected, because this is the group with the larger proportion of deaths caused by violence, however we must consider disability as a consequence of violence incidence. Consequently, it is important to develop methods to measure the magnitude of violence affectations on youth health, instead of data problems. In this paper we propose a methodology that let us approach indirectly to contrast this phenomenon through a standardized measure among populations. With data from census and vital statistics we compute DALY for each Mexican state, considering deaths caused by homicide and disabilities due to violence. We expect that the more violent states would have the larger effects.

School violence begins with less serious bullying and victimization. It is important to investigate whether adolescent bullying victimization has comparable associations and determinants among countries. Paper deals with the International Youth Development Study project, and explore cross-national difference in bullying victimization in Seattle USA, Melbourne Australia and Mumbai India. A representative sample of 4,700 students in school Grade 5, 7 and 9 were surveyed in India in 2010. Sampling methods, survey procedures and instruments were matched to enable cross-national comparison with same-aged student cohorts surveyed in Seattle (N = 2,866) and Melbourne (N = 2,864). Analyses compared the prevalence of bullying victimization in matched age and gender cohorts. Prevalence rates for violence victimization were lower in Mumbai compared to the Melbourne and Seattle. Females showed lower levels of violence victimization compared to males in all three nations. As the adolescents reach higher grades, violence victimization was decreasing in Mumbai in comparison to those in Melbourne and Seattle. School violence contributes to maladjustment in young people. Prevention and intervention programs should target bullying as an important risk factor.

Social development among youth is deeply rooted in opportunities, skills and recognition that acquire through interactions with family members, peers, teachers, neighbors, coaches and many others. Based on the ecological developmental framework this paper tried to assess the impact of multi facet violence exposure during childhood among boys on their violent behavior.

The results shows that family processes, peer relationship, and neighborhood developmental trajectories in relation to violence increases the likelihood of perpetration of violence among youth. The gender equitable attitude which is a manifestation of learning from the very childhood have a huge influence on the likelihood of perpetration of physical as well as sexual violence among young boys.

The research indicates an early intervention strategies to better address the full complexity of influence that lead to aggressive behavior in the social ecology of childhood and early adolescence.