Why African Fertility Declines Must Be Demand Driven

Abstract
This paper considers prospects for fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa in light of existing fertility desires, as captured in recent household-level surveys conducted from the 1970s to the present (ideal number of children, desire for another child). We show that pre-transition and at the onset of transition, fertility desires are noticeably higher in Africa than in other major regions (Asia, Latin America). We also examine recent trends in fertility desires, with a focus on countries that have already experienced some fertility decline. The analysis proceeds to divide fertility is into wanted and unwanted components, and simulations of further fertility decline are carried out. From these it is clear that existing fertility desires are incompatible with a fall in fertility to low levels (i.e. TFR<4.0), leading to the conclusion that African fertility declines in a fundamental sense will be demand-driven. The paper concludes with commentary on strategies for lowering fertility desires, with particular attention to the potential causal impact on fertility desires of expansion of family planning services. We stress that while such an impact is very plausible on theoretical grounds, the empirical evidence that this occurs remains weak.
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Event ID
17
Paper presenter
46 740
Type of Submissions
Regular session only
Language of Presentation
English
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1

Socioeconomic and Spatial Determinants of Fertility amongst Young Women

Abstract
The main objective of the paper is to analyze the spatial patterns in the reproductive behavior of young women in Mexico in a context of deep social stratification. We study the spatial distribution of early fertility patterns and the effect of structural covariates at the municipality level. The data source is the 2010 Population Census. Women were asked about the date of birth of last child born alive. With this data, fertility rates for women aged 15 to 19 years are calculated for a 10% sample of 5.5 million women in these ages. The Census provides also data on structural conditions (family structure, nuptiality regime, education, labor, poverty) at the municipality level. Access to health services, including family planning, is obtained from data of the Ministry of Health for each municipality. First, we calculate the Moran's I statistic in order to test the global spatial autocorrelation in the fertility rates; also we analyze the clustering of fertility rates in the municipalities using Local Moran’s I. Then we estimate Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) in order to model the spatial variations of the effects of structural variables on fertility behavior. Our findings are expected to be useful inputs to efficient social policies in order to reduce fertility rates among young women.
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Event ID
17
Paper presenter
47 249
Language (Translated)
fr
Title (Translated)
-Déterminants géographiques et socio-économiques de la fécondité chez les jeunes femmes
Abstract (Translated)
-Cette étude a pour principal objectif d'analyser les schémas géographiques du comportement reproductif des jeunes mexicaines dans un contexte de forte stratification sociale. Nous étudions la répartition géographique des schémas de fécondité précoce et l'effet des covariants structurels au niveau municipal, à partir de données du recensement de population 2010. Les femmes ont été interrogées sur la date de naissance de leur dernier enfant né vivant. Avec ces données, les taux de fécondité des femmes de 15 à 19 ans sont calculées pour un échantillon de 10 % des 5,5 millions de femme de cette tranche d'âge. Le recensement fournit également des données sur les conditions structurelles (structure familiale, régime nuptial, éducation, emploi, pauvreté) au niveau municipal. Les données concernant l'accès aux services de santé, y compris de planification familiale, s'obtiennent à partir des données du ministère de la santé pour chaque municipalité. Nous calculons tout d'abord le I de Moran afin de tester l'autocorrélation totale dans les taux de fécondité ; et nous analysons le regroupement des taux de fécondité par municipalité à l'aide du test de Moran local. Puis nous calculons la Régression géographiquement pondérée (GWR) afin de modéliser les variations géographiques des effets des variables structurelles sur le comportement de fécondité. Nos résultats devraient être utiles à l'élaboration de politiques sociales efficaces visant à réduire les taux de fécondité chez les jeunes filles.
Status (Translated)
2
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
First Choice History
Initial First Choice
Weight in Programme
3
Status in Programme
1

Family Size of Children and Women during the Demographic Transition

Abstract
This paper analyzes links between declines in the family size of women and declines in the family size of children during the demographic transition. We extend Preston’s (1976) model in two ways. First, we derive the relationship between the variance of women’s family size and children’s family size, a relationship that has important implications for inequality in children’s family size. Second, we analyze family size from the perspective of children of a given age rather than women of a given age. We apply the framework to 310 data sets from the IPUMS-International census project and the Demographic and Health Surveys, representing 101 countries. Consistent with Preston’s conjecture, we find that mean family size of children tends to fall more slowly than mean family size of women as fertility declines. The increase in resources per child is 5%-20% smaller than it would be if children’s family size decreased at the same rate as women’s family size. We show that inequality in children’s family size increases substantially as fertility declines, the result of increasing skewness in women’s family size.
confirm funding
Event ID
17
Paper presenter
47 128
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
Weight in Programme
3
Status in Programme
1

Differential fertility in Brazil: an exploratory analysis using clusters.

Abstract
Brazil has experienced a sharp drop in fertility levels in a very small period of time. Today the TFR is 1.8 (2010 CENSUS). However, previous studies have shown that there are women living with fertility rates similar to those found in the 60s, i.e. 6 children per woman. Although the proportion is small, it represents a large number of women. Many studies describe them as black, low educated, and living in poor areas.
In order to better understand the Brazilian women with high parity, we assume that this may not be a homogeneous group. It may, on the contrary, be constituted of multiple sub-groups with different profiles and therefore with different reasons for maintaining high parity. Thus, we use the cluster analysis and data from the 2000 Brazilian Census to create subgroups of high parity women. For cluster analysis we considered all women at childbearing age, with more than 4 children and the following variables: race/color, religion, home situation, living with partner and years of study. From cluster analysis, emerged 9 groups. Some results confirmed what had already been described in previous works; however, some clusters were different from the image previously conceived about these women.
confirm funding
Event ID
17
Paper presenter
56 105
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
Initial Second Choice
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1

Socio-Economic Determinants of Adolescent Fertility in Eastern India

Abstract
The marriage of girls at young ages in India leads to adolescent pregnancy and motherhood. Young women who become pregnant and have births experience a number of health, social, economic, and emotional problems. In addition to the relatively high level of pregnancy complications among young mothers because of physiological immaturity . Moreover, an early start to childbearing greatly reduces the educational and employment opportunities of women and is associated with higher levels of fertility. More than one-third of the women have begun childbearing before twenty years of age. Adolescent pregnancy and fertility is close associated with age at the time of marriage, level of education, place of residence, wealth quintile. The article is based on the analysis of some districts of West Bengal state which experience high adolescent pregnancy. It tries to explore socio-economic determinants of adolescent fertility and its impact on adolescent mothers. It is also evident that adolescent fertility is commonly seen in less developed districts of West Bengal state . It tries to explore socio-economic determinants of adolescent fertility and its impact on the on the health of adolescent mothers. The data base are NFHS and RCH. Methodology used for the analysis are regression analysis are regression analysis and cross tabulation.
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Event ID
17
Paper presenter
56 234
Language (Translated)
fr
Title (Translated)
-Déterminants socio-économiques de la fécondité adolescente en Inde de l’est
Abstract (Translated)
-En Inde, le mariage précoce des filles se traduit par des grossesses et des maternités adolescentes. Les jeunes filles qui tombent enceintes et accouchent connaissent un certain nombre de problèmes sociaux, économiques, émotionnels et de santé. En outre, on observe un niveau relativement élevé de complications de grossesse chez les jeunes mères du fait de leur immaturité physiologique. Par ailleurs, les grossesses précoces réduisent considérablement les possibilités d'éducation et d'emploi des femmes, et vont de pair avec des niveaux de fécondité plus élevés. Plus d'un tiers des femmes ont commencé à procréer avant l'âge de vingt ans. Les grossesses adolescentes et la fécondité sont étroitement liées à l'âge au mariage, au niveau d'instruction, au lieu de résidence et quintile de richesse. Cet article se fonde sur l'analyse de certains districts de l'état du Bengale occidental qui connaît un taux élevé de grossesses adolescentes. Nous tentons d'explorer les déterminants socio-économiques de la fécondité adolescente et son impact sur les mères adolescentes. Il est par ailleurs évident que la fécondité adolescente est souvent observée dans les districts les moins développés du Bengale occidental. L'étude tente d'explorer les déterminants socio-économiques de la fécondité adolescente et son impact sur la santé des jeunes mères à partir de données tirées d'enquêtes NFHS et RCH et à l'aide de la méthode de l'analyse de régression et de la tabulation croisée.
Status (Translated)
2
Type of Submissions
Regular session only
Language of Presentation
English
First Choice History
Initial First Choice
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1

Analyzing Fertility Trends and Future Prospect through Gompertz Model in Bihar State of India

Abstract
Several Indian states have achieved or on the way of achieving the replacement level fertility, but the performance of Bihar are far from this. Accordingly, this paper attempts to assess the level and trends of fertility in across districts and examines determinants of fertility and its future prospect. Results: TFR is slow decline among districts but yet some districts have high TFR and substantial differences across the socio-economic groups. Contraceptive prevalence rate is marginal differs across the groups in the state. The percentage change TFR is more in developed region (one district) compare least developed region. The developed region has performed better than other regions in case program factors. Result of Gompertz Model indicates that rate of decline in TFR is decelerate after 1997, Low literacy. Low urbanization preceding poverty are the other important factors, which may be the cause for decelerate. Replacement level fertility will be achieved by 2035.
confirm funding
Event ID
17
Paper presenter
52 322
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1

Does fertility decline tend to accelerate or slow down at the middle of the transition? An Evaluation of family planning program in Bihar, India

Abstract
Bihar has been moving slow towards replacement level fertility, while Several Indian states have achieved the replacement level of the fertility, or very close to goal. Also Bihar knows as traditionally poor performing state during the first years of TFA (1996-97). The family welfare expenditure increased over the period especially post RCH. After the introduction of RCH approach, TFR has slowed down compared of the increase in expenditures. The increase in family planning expenditure did not have any positive impact on CPR and TFR. It found that inconsistencies in the linkage between expenditure, CPR and TFR during post RCH era. Result of Gompertz Model indicates that the rate of decline is decelerated after 1997, may be due to no major progressive change among sex preference and contraceptive use, family planning demand and satisfied over the period. There is needed to look at all those programs associated with population stabilization effort.
confirm funding
Event ID
17
Paper presenter
52 322
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1

FERTILITY DIFFERENTIAL IN THE WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN GHANA AND NIGERIA

Abstract
Nigeria and Ghana are the most densely populated countries in the West Africa with different high fertility levels. We examined factors influencing the unprecedented high fertility levels in the two countries as well as the differentials in the effect of these factors across the countries.
A comparative cross sectional study of Nigeria and Ghana Demographic Health Survey (NDHS & GDHS, 2008) involving 15-49 years old 33,385 and 4,916 women respectively. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistics regression, pvalue=0.05.
The mean age of respondents in Nigeria and Ghana was 28.65±9.49 and 29±9.70 years respectively. More Nigerian women live in rural areas (64.3%) compared to Ghanaian women (56.0%). Residence, education, employment status and wealth index were significantly associated with fertility levels in both countries. In Ghana, currently married women were over twice more likely to have high fertility level compared with low fertility women than those who were not (OR=2.49, 95% CI: 2.04-3.04) and almost four times more likely in Nigeria (OR=3.81, 95% CI:1.1-11.9).
Primary education or none and unemployment were amongst factors causing high fertility, there is need for public enlightenment on fertility reduction as well as better women education and employment
Key words: Fertility, Educational
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Event ID
17
Paper presenter
54 091
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1

A Comparative Study on Fertility Transitions in Developed and Developing Countries: Gap Analysis in Past Stimulus, Present Performances and Future Implications

Abstract
There are comprehensible differentials in fertility transition in developed and developing countries. The broad objective of this paper is to carry out a gap analysis in causes, performances and implications of fertility transitions in developed and developing countries and thereby to suggest benchmarks for these dimensions. The first objective deals with the trend in fertility decline in both groups of countries. Secondly, the gaps in causal factors of fertility transition have been examined. Thirdly, benchmarks of causal factors of fertility transitions on the basis of experiences of developed countries have been proposed and thereby to compare and study the gaps between performance in fertility transitions by developing countries and benchmarks. Lastly, both short-term and long-term implications of fertility transitions on demographic, social and economic aspects in developing countries have been examined. Findings reveal that there are evidences of significant heterogeneous gaps in all aspects of fertility transitions in developing countries.
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Event ID
17
Paper presenter
50 738
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1

Consistency of Reproductive Attitudes in Rural India: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study

Abstract
The information related to the reproductive preferences has become very important for understanding fertility behavior. However, the quality of such type of data is another important issue. The present study is based on a large-scale longitudinal study undertaken in rural India with the objective of understanding how the quality of family planning services is linked with contraceptive behaviour. The 2002-2003 longitudinal survey (wave-2) in rural India was designed to conduct a re-interview of ever married women who were interviewed during the second round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) conducted in 1998-99 (wave-1) (IIPS and ORC Macro 2000). Result clearly shows that around 39 percent women have given the same response in both the surveys. Moreover, around 20 percent women reported at least one child fewer in the second wave whereas around 14 percent women reported at least one child greater in the second wave. However, around 27 percent women have given non-numeric response/no response either in the wave-1 or wave-2. Further, the reporting of ideal number of girls was found to be more consistent than ideal reporting of boys. Result also shows the consistency of reporting ideal number of children by different states of India.
confirm funding
Event ID
17
Paper presenter
48 474
Type of Submissions
Regular session presentation, if not selected I agree to present my paper as a poster
Language of Presentation
English
First Choice History
Initial First Choice
Weight in Programme
1 000
Status in Programme
1