The children of migrants and their transition to adulthood

Immigration from Asia to North America has steadily grown since the 1960s, and today scholars study the labor market integration not only of immigrants but also of their children. Using parental birthplace and visible minority data from the 2006 Canadian census, the occupational statuses and earnings of nine Asian origin 1.5 and 2nd generation groups are compared to each other and to the third-plus generation whites: South Korea, Chinese from Hong Kong; Chinese from the People’s Republic of China; Japan; Philippines; Vietnamese; Sri Lanka; India and Pakistan. With the exception of the Filipino and Vietnamese 1.5 and 2nd generation, analysis of the population age 25-39 who living in cities of 100,000 or more confirm the higher educational achievements, occupational standing and earnings of many of these groups. Much of these labor market achievements reflect the educational characteristics of the Asian origin 1.5 and 2nd generation; however some groups – notably South Koreans and Chinese from HK and PR still perform marginally better in the labour force even after taking education into account. Overall our analysis shows the labor market success of these Asian Tigers while confirming the importance of education for their achievements.

The new immigrant flow to Brazil, characterized by the strong presence of Latin American, dated at least 40 years ago and nowadays an expressive number of families were formed in Sao Paulo city, result of the reunification process and formation of new families. This fact that raises the question about the second and the 1.5 generation of immigrants. As defined for Waters, Kasinitz, Mollenkopf (2004), second and the 1.5 generation are people whose parents were immigrants but who themselves were born or substantially raised in receiving country. But despite the presence of the Latin American second generations in Sao Paulo, especially in many schools, little is known about it. Therefore, this study concerns about the second generation of Latin American in Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, through the examination of the 2000 and 2010 Census data.

The transition to adulthood is a complex process that involves the education, employability and family, articulating a system of institutional arrangements and processes of socialization biographical interfering in people's lives from puberty and lead to the acquisition of social positions "(CASAL, 1996: 124 cited VIEIRA, 2009).
The aim of this paper is to present the analysis of discourse, understood as a social practice, from 4 Colombians youth aged 19 to 23 years within the framework of transition to adult life. Individual interviews were conducted with two pairs of sisters who came to the country through the Resettlement Program of UNHCR, We seek to understand how these young people to the forced displacement of their families became projects, dreams and stages of their lives. Finally we intend to demonstrate how the experience of the same process refuge is experienced differently, despite the characteristics belonging to the same social group, also highlighting aspects of individual experiences on the experience of forced displacement.

Abstract
The study employs the 2006 Census data to examine the earnings of second generation South Asians aged 18-49 and living in CMAs (Census Metropolitan Areas) in comparison to second generation Europeans. Based on the assumption that second generation Canadians fare better in labour market because they have better exposure to social institutions, know the language, and educated in Canada, it was hypothesized that South Asian second generation would not suffer from the earnings disadvantages as did first generation South Asians. The multivariate analysis confirms second generation South Asian success with respect to their labour market performance. The children of Indian and Pakistani immigrants are not significantly different from their White counterparts once demographic, human capital and work related are adjusted. The results also support the argument that the mobility patterns are not shared equally among South Asian second generations. Even though the concerns and experiences of particular groups need to be addressed, overall the experience of second-generation South Asians is something to be celebrated.
Keyword: South Asian, Second generation, economic integration

In France, the second generation population represents a significant share of the polity population, and those whose parents come from Southern Europe and North Africa are now above 40 years old, which allows to analyze their fertility pattern, and especially completed fertility. This study analyzes to what extent children of immigrants, who have been socialized in France where the 2-child norm is very strong, reproduce their parents’ fertility behavior, or that of the native population. Using the Trajectories and Origins Survey (Insee, Ined, 2008), we observe that North African second generation postpone childbearing, especially men. But finally in average they have the same number of children. This average hides 3 kinds of behaviors i) Those who adopt the 2-child norm ii) Those who do not have any child, mainly because of social vulnerability and iii) Those who have 3 children, who are in between their parents’ model and the French model.

This paper fills a gap in our knowledge and understanding by focusing on pathways out of the parental home for second generation migrants in the UK. Migrants from the Caribbean, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh who arrived in the UK during the 1960s, 70s and 80s produced a second generation now in their twenties and thirties. Given the greater levels of education and labour market participation of the South Asian second generation, we expect to see a delay in family formation to later ages and more diverse routes out of the parental home, more consistent with the white population. The first generation of Caribbean migrants tended to have more “modern” family situations with a large proportion living without a partner, many as lone parents. We examine whether this continues to be relevant for the contemporary second generation. We argue that adherence to traditional family formation patterns will be greater amongst those second generation young adults who identify more strongly with their parents’ ethnicity. We test this explicitly within our analytical framework which includes two indicators identifying the extent to which young adults’ identify themselves with their parental ethnic group and the importance they put on “being British”.

Child migrants face new opportunities and barriers to upward mobility across receiving contexts. This paper draws on nationally representative household data in Mexico (ENADID: 2009) and in the United States (ACS: 2006-2010) to examine the growing populations of US born children living in Mexico and Mexican born children living in the United States. The focus is on differential school enrollment patterns by children’s nativity in each country with attention to comparing those from migrant sending and non-migrant households. The results reveal that, adjusting for household resources and household-level migration experience, US born children lag behind in school enrollment at younger ages in Mexico. The analyses provide some preliminary evidence that US born children encounter some structural barriers to school enrollment that are not shared by their Mexican born counterparts. However, the enrollment disadvantage is ameliorated among older children. There is much less age variability in school enrollment among US born children in the United States with more rapid attrition from school on the part of their Mexican born counterparts.

What terms do children of immigrants use to describe themselves and what do those labels predict about their futures? Using panel data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, I examine determinants of 1.5 and second generation youths’ responses to an open-ended ethnic identification question. I find widespread change in self-identification during adolescence and young adulthood, with less stable ethnic identification among males and youth of lower socioeconomic status. Furthermore, both the labels endorsed and the stability of identification are predictive of later life outcomes in education, occupation and criminal justice contact. Those who use a racial/panethnic label fare worst: they obtain fewer years of education, lower monthly earnings, and higher risk of arrest on average. Contrary to popular belief, adopting a U.S.-origin label is associated with later social disadvantage, while greater attachment to parental origins predicts better performance on traditional measures of structural assimilation.

Using data from the 2010 Chinese Family Panel Survey (CFPS), we study the effects of internal migration in China on the emotional well-being of children age 10-15. The CFPS, a national probability sample survey of the Chinese population, includes 3,464 children within this age range. We compare four groups: rural children with local registration living with both parents; urban children with local registration living with both parents; children left behind by migrant parents; and children accompanying their migrant parents. We expect the latter two groups to be at risk of increased emotional difficulties compared to children living with both parents. We test these expectations using both OLS models and community fixed effects models. In estimating community fixed effects models, we contrast children left behind with children in the same communities living with both parents, and we contrast migrant children with children in the same communities living with both parents.

While population migration has been surging in China since 1990, little attention is paid to the impact of migration on children’s educational wellbeing. In this paper we analyze the micro-data of Chinese population censuses in 1990 and 2000 and mini-census in 2005. We match the school-age children (6-15) to their parents’ background information within the same households, and examine how parents’ migration status and family living arrangements affect children’s school enrollment status. We also compare migrants’ children to their peers in both origin and destination counties/districts. Results show that migration status per se has no clear impact on school enrollments since 1990; however, migrant children of rural status face disadvantages in educational opportunities in 2000 and 2005. Mother’s migration and living with relatives other than parents and grandparents have negative impact on children’s enrollment status. The distance and timing of migration also affect children’s enrollment status.