The effects of migration and remittances on areas of origin

This paper adds to the intrahousehold allocation literature by incorporating migration and remittances using datasets from the Philippines. I examine whether the individual’s bargaining power within the household affects how remittances are allocated or spent. I use gender and education of household head as proxies for bargaining power. Female heads with absent spouse allocate remittances more on education and health, and less on alcohol and tobacco. These are consistent with the general findings of empirical tests on income pooling and the unitary model. Male heads with migrant spouse devote more on alcohol, tobacco, and education; less on food. The allocations of male heads on education and food are consistent with the presence of the wife. Educational attainment of the head also captures heterogeneity in the allocation of remittances among male- and among female-headed households. It appears that it is the less-formally educated heads who value and allocate more remittances on education, this is true for all female-headed households and male-headed households whose wives are present.

The present study sets out to explore the effect of education on migration and remittance-sending within the post-conflict environment of Afghanistan. The fact that cross-border movement in Afghanistan may have more to do with security concerns than it does with economic prospects may very well change the importance of educational background. The research question to be answered is three-fold: (1) are relatively higher educated Afghans more prone to migrate; (2) are relatively higher educated Afghan migrants more likely to find success at destination; and (3) are those same Afghan migrants more prone to contribute to households in the country of origin through remittance transfers? Aside from the level of education as the main predictive variable, we also incorporate a number of vulnerability-related factors appropriate to a fragile environment like Afghanistan. In order to empirically measure the effect of education, we employ a logit regression model for the propensity to migrate, to be employed at destination, and to remit to households back home; and a tobit regression model for average monthly income and amount of remittances sent. The analysis relies on a unique nationally-represented dataset incorporating some 1,088 return migrants who provide retrospective information regarding their time abroad.

India has experienced various phases of emigration in different directions over the globe. One dominant wave was directed towards West Asia from 1970s due to the 1973 and 1979 oil booms. Semi skilled and unskilled Indian workers migrated in these countries on contractual basis and still following the same. Most of the workers migrated to gulf countries for harnessing better financial opportunities to support their families back home. The flow of remittances from these migrants contributes significantly to the foreign currency reserves and in directing the India’s financial and fiscal policies. A large number of labourers also moved from Rajasthan especially from Shekhawati & churu areas.
Here, various dimensions of the process emigration from India to gulf countries are analyzed. The basic aim here is to identify the multifaceted problems faced by these workers and to put deep insight into the framework of solution. Here the impact of such migration on the families back home is also analyzed.
For this study sample survey has been conducted in Sikar, Churu and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan using purposive sampling technique. For six hundred samples, information were collected through the means of questionnaires and in-depth interviews and then suitably represented with the help of graphs, maps and statistical diagrams.

In an insecure environment like Afghanistan, many families consider establishing household members at different geographic locations as a way to hedge against risks to a sustainable livelihood. Whether such a household strategy rests on remittance transfers as an alternative source of income remains to be seen. The analysis uses the way in which migration is financed as a discriminating factor, with the objective to infer if remittance flows are sent as compensation for debt-financed migration suggesting an explicit household strategy. Ultimately, our results show remittance transfers are in fact lower for debt-financed migrants, and the influence of certain individual and household characteristics of interest are in line with what we would expect if altruism is the dominating motivation. In light of this finding, we conclude that the sending of a household member abroad as a risk-coping strategy may be less about having an alternative source of income and more about having an alternative location to escape to if the security situation happens to take a turn for the worse.

In this paper we use the secondary data analyses of existing statistical data-sources and findings of studies on migration in Georgia, and results of conducted by us expert interviews and interviews with persons experienced migration of family members in order to investigate the social impacts of labour migration on country of origin. Special attention during implemented field activities was paid to the least studied in Georgia outcome of migration, new challenges induced by labour migration for the traditionally vulnerable social categories, as women, and children left behind. We found that migration social outcomes in Georgia are quite similar to the standard results of temporary labour migration for counties of origin presented in the migration literature focused across CIS countries, but some distinguished findings were observed in our study. We expect that labour migrants flows from Georgia are not likely to cease in the nearest future, as a Georgian labour market is characterized by the sharp unbalance between supply and demand of labour and remarkable numbers of returned migrants to Georgia aggravate the problems with deficit of paid employment in this country.

The dynamics of out-migration is an intrinsic part of development process. The process of out-migration may unfold itself differently in two different regions. A poor household may adopt the strategy of out-migration to supplement the basic necessities of its survival; while in better-off household out-migration can be an accumulative strategy to improve its relative position in society. Bihar and Punjab are two different regions of India which retain a long tradition of out-migration. Out-migration from Bihar is considered as a support system for the poor family, associated to underdevelopment in the region. Out-migration from Punjab, which is mostly inter-national in its nature, taken up mostly by well-off families. The evidence from NSS 64th Round, shows a clear variation in the process and pattern of out-migration. From Bihar, migration from family of agricultural laborer is highest, who are poorest, while in Punjab Migration of farmers is higher, who are richest in the region. Amount of remittance received by the household of Punjab is clearly very high compared to the household of Bihar. However, remittance in both of the state is mostly being used in consumption needs. It shows the importance of migration for sustainability of livelihood in both undeveloped and advance region.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of migration on the factors of ecological resilience at the household level in two Ecuadorian provinces with a focus on three communities. The attributes of resilience that are treated here are: the diversity of interrelations (with redundancy of supply chains.), the tight feedbacks loops which control ecosystem services, the modularity seen as the ability to maintain its vital activities with local resources in case of systemic shock and the connectivity as the ability to trade at larger scales to cope with local systemic shocks. We assume that the whole interactions between socio-ecological systems and the rural households are modified by the departure of at least one of its member to abroad: decrease of the workforce, remittances, transfers of knowledges. The sources of data used are the census of INEC (2011), a qualitative survey (2010) and a quantitative survey (2011). Statistical tests are realized at the household level. We observe strong links between migration and left-behinds' lifestyle. These links appear in favour of a clear differentiation of left-behinds in terms on the ecological resilience: more diversity of sources of consumption, more connectivity but also a loss of modularity and therefore less resilience to shocks at the global scale.

This paper examines the impact of male international migration on the labour market behaviour of women left-behind in Senegal. While previous studies rely largely on cross-sectional data collected only in origin countries, this analysis takes advantage of a new longitudinal and multi-sited dataset on international migration. This allows using more appropriate methods for examining causal mechanisms and avoiding selection biases that were inherent in previous analyses. Results from a random effects logistic panel regression do not support previous findings of a positive effect of husbands’ migration on women’s labour market participation. Instead, we find evidence of lower activity rates for spouses of migrants. The finding seems mostly driven by women whose union is transnational from the start (i.e. who marry someone who is already a migrant) and who have significantly less chances to be working than their counterparts whose husbands are in Senegal. Future steps include extending the analysis to the Congolese case where preliminary results reveal different dynamics between men’s migration and women’s economic participation. The comparison, enabled by the multi-country design of the MAFE data, allows examining the role of gender norms in the shaping of these dynamics.

Increasing numbers of Sri Lanka women are migrating for overseas employment as domestic workers. Consequently, transnational families in which mothers are absent for a significant part of the growing up of their children are increasingly common. Although these migrants and the country receive economic benefits, their migration involves social costs such as denounced living and working conditions of women abroad, harmful consequences of the long-term separation of mothers on the well-being of children and other family members and broken marriages due to prolonged separation from their spouses. Therefore, investigation of both economic benefits and social costs of women’s migration and identification of specific strategies that could be used to minimize social costs and maximize economic benefits would be worthwhile. This paper reports the findings of the survey done in 2008 by interviewing 400 migrant families and focus group discussions to investigate the economic and social impact of Sri Lankan transnational domestic workers on families in Sri Lanka. It first explains the background information of migrants and methodology of the study. Next, it examines the economic and social impact of their migration on families. It concludes with some policy recommendations based on the findings of the survey.

"International migration training." Is a demographic phenomenon that has attracted the attention of policy makers in education and migration. It is already known that geopolitical conditions, cultural and linguistic influence on migratory movements, but others like the equivalence of the course, the level, the cost and access to training conditions are also factors in the decision of a migratory movement training. The analysis of this phenomenon allows reviewing regulatory policies and provide training diploma recognition and legalization of professional practice in Brazil. To analyze and raise a profile of international migration of those who emigrated to Brazil to study in countries of South America. This was a descriptive study that used data from Censo 2010. Physicians were identified in the Censo 2010 and analyzed the migratory path, using the information and last date fixed residence. The age of the professional was crucial for the establishment of a Proxy approach for training medical professionals in South America.