Human trafficking and forced migration

This paper aims to discuss the function of migration agencies with its ambiguity role into trans-national migration agencies of human trafficking activities and even worst in the slavery classification. The way of their
arrangement and persuasion people to migrate become an international migrant workers leads to slavery practice at modern era in the future life of migrant destination countries and where they are allocated in foreign countries. Local people to who mostly come from remote and rural area of Indonesia with low background education are pushed to be international migrant worker by a huge promise of their bright future, however, the persuasion could be as trap for local people and in fact migrant worker become sexual
worker in other country and on sale a such a slave in other countries by agencies. This agencies' activities are under reported and also some under cover, have an international network among countries, and not easy to recognize their activity as illegal. For those, this evidence would be useful for policy maker and stakeholder to keep watch out the regulation and procedure of migrant recruitment and to anticipate human trafficking.
Keywords: international migrant worker, illegal network and illegal agency

Armed conflict situations often involve mass displacement of civilians.
This paper reviews the measurement challenges involved in incorporating
quantitative analyses of conflict-related displacement phenomena
when characterizing the nature, magnitude and pattern of
large-scale human rights violations. We present two recent case studies,
from Timor-Leste and Kosovo, where quantitative analysis of conflict-related displacement was integrated into a truth commission's work
and statistical evidence was used by an international criminal tribunal,
respectively. In these case studies we examine how the integration
of analysis of civilian displacement phenomena strengthened our understanding of "what happened" during these two conflict. Using these two case studies, we also contextualize how conflict-related displacement and other forms of violence were employed in these particular conflict situations. We then conclude by noting useful lessons-learned from these case-studies: (i) in terms of the use of diverse data sources (that draw from both traditional demographic and non-traditional sources) and adaptation of classical demographic methods, and (ii) discussing the challenges of presenting demographic estimates and analysis on conflict-related displacement in international justice settings.

Forced migration is very complex in nature and the problems of forced population displacement is not new and seems likely to remain one of the greatest challenges for India in the foreseeable future. Literatures shows that the vulnerability related to forced migration are common among certain demographic and socio-economic groups. This present study is an attempt to understand the demographic, social and economic class-differentiations related to it. The 64th Round of National Sample Survey (July, 2007 to June, 2008) has been utilized. Bivariate distributions analyses with Pearson chi-square tests and binary logistic regression model have been used. The findings reveal that specific classes are significantly associated with forced migration. Females, children and elderly are found to be mostly displaced. Minority religious groups and marginalized social classes like scheduled caste and scheduled tribes are also likely to become sufferers of forced migrations. Poor people are most likely to be affected by this kind of migration. No doubt, that in India, the distribution of forced migrants across different demographic and socio-economic groups clearly recognizes it’s classed patterns, and hence raises the issue of classed vulnerability associated with it. Policies should be aimed at these population considering different regional

A statistical overview of kidnapping in Mexico from 1997 to 2010 is presented. Based on records of preliminary reports, subjections to process and number of convictions by state and year, it was possible to estimate rates of occurrence of events, the number of subjects to process for each preliminary investigation and number of convictions for each preliminary investigation record at the national level. The levels, tendencies and spatial distribution of these indicators allow for the visualization of crime incidence and help approximate the effectiveness of law enforcement. Results show a decrease in the phenomenon up until the middle of the observation process and an increase during 2005-2010. The spatial perspective reveals the prominence of the southern states at the beginning of the study period and of the northern ones towards the end. Nevertheless, the study also points some important inconsistencies and irregularities of the statistical information available.

Trafficking of women for sexual exploitation is a prevalent problem that may adversely affect many aspects of women’s health. In this paper, we examine how sexual exploitation is exposing trafficked women to HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases in urban Mexico. This study was conducted in Mexico City and Monterrey, where one hundred and ten trafficked women were interviewed during the year 2003-2006 and 2007-2011. Results indicate that trafficked women are physically and sexually abused and engage in high-risk sexual behavior leading to infection with different kinds of sexually transmitted diseases. This abuse, high-risk behavior coupled with high numbers of clients serviced daily, indicates these trafficked women are at a higher risk of HIV infection.

The trafficked victims not only face the danger of being psychologically abused, but also the reality of becoming procurers for various health problems after a few years of victimization. This paper attempts to understand problems of survived victims while reintegrating into the society and the contextual reasons for possible re-trafficking into sex trade. The primary data collected through both qualitative and quantitative methods from 167 trafficked victims in Andhra Pradesh used for the study. Social discrimination in the community at their original places after returning from the sex trade is commonly reported. The discrimination experienced while reintegrating in their original places is almost pushing the victims to return to sex trade. The tendency of running away, thinking about committing suicide further makes victims more vulnerable to be counter trafficked. Half of the victims were ever thought of going back again to the sex work after returning from the same

Trafficking has become a matter of serious concern in post-conflict situations. Children in displaced camps have been exposed to unprecedented vulnerabilities due to trafficking and are often lured by promise of better employment and a more prosperous life far from their homes. The study intends to provide an overview of child trafficking situation and in particular to focus attention on internal trafficking of conflict induced displaced children in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It provides a qualitative picture of child trafficking situation and document the trafficking experience from the perspective of its victims and affected communities living in displaced settings. Unless a public opinion is built, the laws are effectively designed and implemented, the situation is constantly monitored and the nexus of traffickers is exposed, children will continue to be trafficked. Therefore, coordinated efforts are required to stop and prevent child trafficking. There is need for a strategy to prevent emergence of child trafficking in post-conflict situations. It is hoped that the study will help government and non-government agencies, policy makers and local communities to better understand the impact and effects of trafficking on children and assist in developing policy and programmes to prevent and protect children from abuse and exploita

The study revealed that 80% of Cameroon’s domestic workers are women under 19 with no or low education and are from poor rural backgrounds. Their working conditions are very dificult as 19.6% of them work day and night and the average daily duration of work is as high as 12 hours. 4.1% of them also work on their employers’ farms or taking care of animals while still carrying out their customary activities as domestic workers. 25.0% of them work throughout the week and some go without annual leave and when it is granted, it is without pay.12.3% of domestic workers do not receive a wage. Domestic workers are very lowly paid with 68.8% of them receiving a monthly wage below the minimum wage of 55 US dollars. 79.5% of them work without a written work contract ,95.6%° are unaware of the existence of minimum wage,90.4% are unaware of the obligation for social insurance contibutions by their employers and 98.6% are ignorant of the existence of a maximum number of daily working hours. Domestic work in Cameroon is to a large extent a form of slavery with a high degree of exploitation. More 60 percent of domestic workers especially the young ones are recruited via a network of intrmediaries who make enornous gains in the transactions
Key words: domestic work, slavery, Cameroon, work load, exploitation

Sexual exploitation and HIV/AIDS epidemic are emerging problems of border provinces between Vietnam and China, where are places of trading, cultural exchange, tourism, hot spots of smuggling and trafficking in people. Girls and young women are often the targets of sexual exploitation, in particular, ethnic minority women and girls. Estimated 70% trafficked victims are sent directly to foreign men, brothels; bars and karaokes…for sexual exploitation as prostitution. They are suffered numerous sexual intercourse and served 15 - 20 clients/ day in brothels. Their owners force them to not use condom in sexual activities with their clients. Therefore, almost prostitutes are infected STDs, and some are HIV/AIDS. The linkage between sexual trafficking and HIV/AIDS transmission is not only violation of fundamental human rights but also increased risk of STIs, HIV/AIDS infection and damages women/girls’lives who are stigmatized and ostracized by their families and communities.
So far, fighting against trafficking in women and girls for sexual exploitation and HIV prevention has not effectively done because of the complexity phenomenon, global sex demand, increasing labor force and a great profit that sexual commerce brings about. Therefore, trafficking women and girls for sexual exploitation has been existing and unbated.

The research aims at studying the relation between forced migration and reproductive health (RH) outcomes. Focus group discussions and cross sectional survey of Syrian refugee women residing in Lebanon were done. The information collected related to their current reproductive status, their reproductive history during the conflict, their needs for services, their experiences with sexual and gender based violence, and their help seeking behaviors. Of the 452 women surveyed, 74 were pregnant during the conflict, several of them more than once, preterm delivery was high. The most common pregnancy related problem was anemia, abdominal pains and bleeding. As for RH diseases menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea and vaginal discharges were common. Prioritizing other members’ wellbeing was a major reason for not seeking medical help. Moreover, 31% of women had personal experience of violence (physical, sexual or psychological) and are currently experiencing IPV but half of them elected not to talk about abuse.