Population and development

The share of private sector of total health expenditure in India is maximum with 78.05%, public sector at 19.67% and the external flows contribute 2.28%. In the contribution of private sector, households contribute a significant portion at 95%. This out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending is found to have increased further after 1990s. And this increase has negative consequences through increasing catastrophic health spending and impoverishment.

This paper focuses on the magnitude and changes of OOP expenditure and its impact on poverty by using two rounds of NSS data on health survey-NSS 52nd and 60th round. It is found that the OOP spending has increased and with greater magnitude among rural and relatively poor people in the post reform period, i.e. after 1990s. Similarly, the impact of increased OOP spending over poverty has been greater among rural and relatively poor people. This paper concludes with the fact that while new policies adopted in the health sector reform have significant impact on the increased health care cost and impoverishment, demographic transition also has had a significant impact. A substantial portion of change in OOP spending and impoverishment is found to be the result of age structure change over the two survey periods.

The construction of Sardar Sarovar Project on River Narmada forced the residents in reservoir area to leave their ancestral place of residence and to migrate at alien environment. These people restarted their life at different places by constructing new houses. The present paper tries to examine the changes occurred in housing status with civic amenities and sanitation facilities at household level. This empirical study has been carried out through random sample survey to find out the temporal changes in housing conditions among the resettled families. It is observed that the people shifted / replaced the local to market material for house construction. Civic amenities (such as electricity connections and drinking water availability) and sanitation facilities have improved at resettlement sites among these families.

The life in tribal communities, particularly in closed environment, largely depends on socio-cultural conditions. Most of the social and ritual activities in these communities revolve around worship of supernatural power. But, these people are forced to settle in the plain area in the alien culture due to construction of Sardar Sarovar Project with different communities. Hence, they have to change themselves for survival. The present paper tries to study the impact of resettlement on social life of the resettled community. The study reveals that there is high impact of resettlement on social and cultural life of the resettled families. The celebration of tradition festivals has decreased after resettlement. Further, the method of performing and celebration of cultural activities at community level have also undergone change.

In recent years the analysis of relationships between changes in age structure and economic performance has attracted extensive attention. Children require intensive investment in health, nutrition and education, prime-age adults supply labor and savings and the elderly require expenditures on health care and retirement income. In this sense, an age structure concentrated at prime-age adults reduces the dependency ratio, and is seen as an advantage characterized as a demographic window. This research describes the life-cycle income, consumption and saving patterns of Mexican households. If the life-cycle hypothesis is correct, the age profile of income, consumption and saving should be relatively higher for the young than the old and we could accept the supposition of an optimistic link between demographic change and saving in the aggregate economy. We construct a pseudo-panel from the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) between 1994 and 2008. Results show that the effects of age structure on consumption and saving rate are not coherent with the life-cycle hypothesis; there is no evidence of dissaving among the old age. Findings also show cohort and period effects.

The focus of the present article is to assess inter-state differential among states of India in the context of changing status of women and social opportunities. To determine women’s changing status, different indicators like female literacy rate, median age at first marriage and first birth, using modern contraceptive, received at least one Antenatal checkup, Institutional delivery, exposed to any source of media, work status, involved in decision making. However overall literacy rate, percent of urban population, household with piped drinking water, any toilet facility, electricity facility, house type as pucca, full vaccination coverage, crude birth and death rate and total fertility rate are considered as social indicator. To examine the association between two dimensions from NFHS-1 to NFHS-3, we created two indices named as Women Status index and Social Development Index using Taxonomic approach. The nexus between social development and women status has been figured out with help of correlation and upshots proves the intense association between two dimensions. Results reveal that during NFHS-1 women’s status is observed highest in Kerala and lowest in Assam, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. However with enhancing social opportunities, status is improving but its degree is still very low in northern states of India.

In this paper, the future development challenges in Mongolia are investigated through the application of multistate population projections by age, sex, and education. The present situation of the country is interesting on many aspects and its population development contrasts with what is observed elsewhere in East Asia. As the result of a very swift fertility decline in the early 1990s, the country is opening its demographic window of opportunity. Further, Mongolia became nowadays the fastest growing economy in Asia thanks to the recent exploitation of its mining resources. Yet, these favorable factors may be hindered by a series of challenges. On the demographic side, the fertility has increased by about 0.6-0.7 children since its nadir in 2005 to 2.61 children per woman in 2011. By introducing sudden shocks in the age structural transition, this fertility increase bears a series of challenges for the planning of the national development. Whether Mongolia can set the most appropriate conditions to benefit from its current economic boom remains an open question. Based on different assumptions on the future course of fertility and education in the country, the implications and challenges for development of the future population composition of Mongolia are discussed.

There has been an increasing concern on the essential of balancing family and work-life as a way to promote personal happiness and quality of life. While workers’ happiness drive productivity and, then, thrive organization, it is important to know how family and work factors determine workers’ happiness to suitably design measures that improve their happiness. This paper aims to estimate the influences of work and family factors on workers’ happiness and compare their influences on happiness among generational cohorts. The study is based on a sample of 3,468 industrial workers in Thailand. The study finds the high influence of job satisfaction on happiness of all generations. However, family satisfaction was only matter to happiness among workers in Generation Y. Considering compensating differential, there were differences in the level of marginal rate of substitution of family for job between individual generational cohorts. Older workers were willing to give up more family satisfaction to obtain an additional job satisfaction. Comparing to the older generations, value of family was relatively high for Generation Y workers.

Abstract
This paper investigates the ways and means of pursuing livelihood activities by traditional crafters in rural Manipur, India. It explores how people of similar socio-cultural background in different areas manage to attain their basic needs and what factors shaped and determined in achieving different livelihood outcomes. The research work is conducted in the two Lois villages of Manipur, expertise in pottery work. Research results bring out the dissimilarities of economic activity performed by the crafters and found out that the village, which continuous to practise the ancestral occupation is better off than the other village which pottery is in the verge of extinction. The alternatives available are limited to some primary and crude secondary activities and pottery seems to be the most suitable activity the villages in their prevailing scenario. It is also noticed that the involvement in this occupation is governed by the geographical location and accessibility to main markets as well as their attitude towards the craft making that overall make the differences. The study identifies the key constraints and factors that hinder the rural people in achieving sustainable livelihood and their differences of involvement in economic activities.
Keywords: Livelihood, Pottery, Lois, Manipur, India.

The authors try to see different stages of democracy by setting an imaginary line at longitude 116½° east to compare democracy among provinces in Indonesia.

There is a quantitative variable namely voter turnout considered as one of more reliable proxy for level of democracy . Linear correlation between voter turnout and Gini coefficient is +0.424 for eastern part of Indonesia and 3 additional provinces namely Kepulauan Riau, Yogya, Central Kalimantan n=15 for the other n=18 western provinces linear correlation is -0.4276.

Another more reliable proxy for Indonesia democracy is number of reported protest demonstrations mostly found in big cities. Percentage of poor people in big cities is used as proxy to provincial figures. Linear correlation between reported protest demonstrations and percentage of poor people in big cities is -0.5194 for twenty two provinces in the west and 0.25169 for ten provinces in the east except Western Sulawesi.

This paper uses economy, energy, resources and environmental monitoring data to analyse the natural economic condition in Northeast China, and then bases on studies of sub-resources to analyse population carrying capacity.

First of all, this paper analyzes the current land capacity in Northeast China. The comparison farmland data of from 1993 to 2008 shows that the land resources are relatively abundant in Northeast China, so the land carrying capacity in this region is strong.

Second, we use the principal component analysis to study the water carrying capacity. The results show that the first principal component is the unit of the per capita GDP, urbanization rate, water emissions per capita GDP, and the second principal component is the unit of per capita water resources and arable land water resources.

Third, this paper uses ecological footprint to study the ecological carrying capacity of Northeast China. In 2007, ecological deficit per capita reached 2.115 which indicated that Northeast China is in serious ecological deficit status.This paper builds a model of three programs to calculate ecological optimum population size. In 2007 the maximum value of ecological optimum population is 105.449 million, slightly lower than the existing population.