Poster session on Marriage and union formation, families and households (1)

A number of researchers have discussed the pattern of marriage migration as a function of distance. Recently, the functional relationship of distance with marriage migration to Bangladesh data was found satisfactorily well through a polynomial model. The aim of this paper is to test the suitability of this polynomial model on Indian data, collected from the Hindu dominated rural areas at different time periods i.e., in 1978, 1984 and 2002. It is observed that marriage field associated with distance has increased over the last two-three decades. Polynomial model of third degree fitted to the distribution of distance associated with marriage migration to different set of rural Indian data, was found that the model fits the data satisfactorily well only, if distance associated with marriage migration i.e. marriage field is standardised. That is, a polynomial model approximates the distribution of distance associated with marriage migration satisfactorily well whether it is from a Hindu society or from a Muslim if grouping of the distance is standardised. It means the class intervals of the distance associated with marriage plays a major role in the fitting of a polynomial model.

The purpose of this study was to find out what are the stressors of female marriage immigrant in Korea. Focus group interview(FGI) was conducted with 13 women who immigrated to Korea from China, the Philippines, and Vietnam through marriage. The duration of residing in Korea ranged from 2 to 9 years. FGI was conducted once to each 3 small group of 4 or 5 women. Data was analyzed by thematic analysis method to identify recurrent themes.
This research extracted 6 meaningful categorical stressor of female marriage immigrants in Korea: 1) Cultural stressor containing of culture difference and language barrier; 2) Economic stressor implicating in economic difficulties; 3) Social stressor consisting of discrimination and social isolation; 4) Family stressor containing of problems with husband and family in law; 5) Emotional stressor as a feeling anxiety; and 6) Parenting stressor identifying child rearing difficulty. This analysis suggests that that stress of female marriage immigrants should be considered in sociocultural aspects and additionally in the aspects of family relationships, economic problem, and parenting that came out from unique experience of female marriage immigrants.

We investigate divorce during and after the socialist regimes in three Eastern European countries (Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary), with a focus on the role of social status, testing Goode’s hypothesis that states a positive relation between social status and divorce in a society where there are high legal, social and economic barriers to divorce. As these barriers gradually fade, so does the mentioned positive relation and divorce becomes more common in lower classes. Our study sample consists of first time married women and we construct piecewise constant exponential event history models, where the baseline hazard is the time elapsed since entry into first marriage until divorce (marriage duration, in months). We use several covariates as proxies for social status: educational status (at marriage), father’s social status, residence during childhood, as well as other control variables. We have found positive social gradients of divorce risks for Romania and Bulgaria during socialist times, but none for Hungary. In the post-socialist period, the link between social status and divorce risk loses its significance in Romania, while in Bulgaria an opposite relation emerge. The social gradient of divorce becomes negative there: low educated women, born and raised in rural settlements show the highest divorce risks.

Using the data from the Time Use Survey conducted on Iranian urban households during 2008-2009, this paper examines the effect of family type (single-parent or two-parent) on the amount of time spent, by children, on activities related to human capital. Target population includes unmarried children, aged 15-19 years, living in Iranian urban households. Relevant literature shows that children in single-parent families (either by divorce or the death of a parent) experience more difficulties and barriers towards human capital achievement. Findings show that children in single-parent families have higher levels of dropout and their level of human capital attainment is significantly lower than that of their counterparts in two-parent families. By controlling independent variables especially parental care and supervising activities at home, the negative effect of the family type disappears. Therefore, such family will exert its effect on children's achievement mainly through decreasing parent-child relationship, reducing opportunities for parents to engage in home affairs, and losing parents' supervision over their children's activities. Such negative effect can have important consequences and implications for educational attainment of children in Iran as the country is experiencing a high level of divorce now.

Total fertility rate in Iran has reached from 7 children in 1985 to 1.9 children per woman in 2006, in other hand, it can be said that Iran has came to the second demographic transition from this year. Of course, it must be noted that population growth rate of the country has not reached at balance level revealed in the first demographic transition and annual growth rate of population is 1.28% according to the new statistics. This rate is caused by population age structure and quickness of the first demographic transition that is an exception in terms of duration, in compared with developed countries.
Van De Kaa believes that in the second demographic transition, secondary needs are replaced by material values equal with primary needs.
Beside the socio-cultural changes in society, many of fundamental changes have happened in sexual relations, marriage and family. In societies, within the recent decades, family as a social institution has been changed.
The aim of this study is to assess the changes of marriage and divorce in Iran and definition effective socio-economic factors.
Method of the study is secondary analysis and necessary data were sourced by center of civil management and the results of DHS project in 2010.

Indian marriage system has traditionally been characterized by universal marriage with strong caste endogamy, relatively early marriage and by very low divorce rates. But with economic liberalization, growth of mass media and increasing participation of women in tertiary education and in the paid labor force, the traditional marriage system has come under pressure. If media reports are believed, self-arranged marriages are becoming common and divorce rates are on the upward march. But these reports are based on anecdotal and selective data. The absence of good quality data on marriage has meant that there has not been any rigorous demographic study of these trends in India. However three recent surveys-- Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS, 2005-6), District Level Health Survey (DLHS-3, 2007-8) and Youth in India (2006-7)—have information on various aspects of marriage. Using these datasets, I will in this paper: present a comprehensive picture of marriage trends and characteristics covering topics such as the prevalence of arranged marriages, trends in consanguineous and endogamous marriages and assortative mating patterns and trends in divorce; Analyze variations by region, religion and education; c) situate the findings within the broader literature on changes in institutional, structural and ideational changes in India.

We examine whether or not married individuals who exhibit hyperbolic time discounting and leave their saving decision to their spouses are more likely to save close to the amount of financial asset they would have wanted to save. Our analysis is cross-sectional using the micro-data of married Japanese couple from waves 2008 and 2009 of the Preference Parameters Study of Osaka University. Our estimation results are as follows: for the wives who exhibit hyperbolic discounting the ratio of the balance of financial assets of their entire household to the amount of entire household’s financial assets the respondent would have wanted to save until now is approximately 11.6 percentage more than when the wives discuss together but their husband decide than when they decide. We conclude that wives with time inconsistent preference face serious self control problems. The wives are so sophisticated that they discuss with their husband and leave the decisions on savings and investments to their husbands. They can avoid temptation to spend too much and achieve their target savings.

Objective: To assess understandings of international marriage migrant women (IMMW) about their own pregnancy and delivery after inbound to Korea.
Methods: A qualitative study with personal interview on the total 19 IMMW from the five southeast countries (Vietnam, China, Philippine, Indonesia, Cambodia) were performed. The data analyzed with phenominal analytic method.
Results: For the familial experiences, the instabilities during the migration and settle down described through the cultural gap instead of stereotyping. For the personal experiences, they expressed the difference of delivery habits as one of the cultural shock. And we understood the variety of the maternal health as malnutrition in pregnancy because of the gap of food stuffs, shortness of maternal education, and maladaptation of postpartum care methods. The identification with the pregnancy and delivery depended on the accept or reject, the position and voice in the family, self identification as 'wife' and 'mother', and assimilation Korean maternity.
Conclusion: For well adaptation of the IMMW to Korean society, role of the regional maternal health promotion center would be important.

Marital stability is an increasingly important question in the transformation of the surplus rural labor force in China. This paper investigates the relationships between mobility, family values and marital satisfaction of rural inhabitants.The objective of the analysis is to examine the effect of family values on the influence of out-migration with couple’s living seperation on marital satisfaction with spouse. Data were obtained from a sample of 678 married people in Chaohu of Anhui province of central China in 2010. The results show that there is a significant negative correlation between seperation and satisfaction with spouse. However the correlation is weakened by family-dominated culture, which is still strong in rural China. Implications of these results for marital stability and changes of rural families are discussed.

This paper examines trends and differentials in age at marriage by caste in five major States of India, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh using data of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3, 2005-‘06). Changes in age at marriage have been studied in four caste groups– representing a hierarchical socioeconomic stratification of the Indian society, namely, Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, Other Backward Castes, and Others. The latter category includes higher caste Hindus, Muslims and Christians. Trends in age at marriage are analyzed using four marriage cohorts. Results suggest that differentials in median ages at marriage by caste have widened over time: Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Castes showed little change; whereas ‘Scheduled Tribes’ and ‘Others’ recorded rapid transition. Differentials in marrying below legal ages– 21 years for boys and 18 years for girls, though on rise, vary largely by caste. Despite Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1978 and Government of India’s efforts to make the legislation effective, marriages of boys and girls below legal ages continue to be a social reality. The study highlights factors and beliefs that promote child marriages of girls. Finally, the study attempts to identify socioeconomic factors associated with the practice of child marriages.