Poster Session on Population ageing and intergenerational relations (2)

This article investigates savings of ethnic minorities in the UK. We use the life-cycle model and data from the Family Resources Survey to analyse the saving profiles of ethnic minorities by gender and age cohorts. Socio-economic variables are used to better understand saving patterns of ethnic minorities.
We apply the life-cycle model to the different ethnic groups and find significant heterogeneity between and within groups in terms of socio-economic characteristics and saving accumulation during the working life and in retirement. While Indian respondents show saving patterns similar to the white population (our control group), Bangladeshi and Pakistani respondents experience a significant disadvantage in terms of employment and savings.
Gender and ethnicity are important determinants of financial well-being. Bangladeshi women exhibit the greatest financial difficulties amongst all groups examined, often as consequence of low full time employment rates and incomes. For all ethnic groups education is a crucial factor in determining saving behaviour.
The importance of our results lies in determining whether the risk of poverty in retirement is significantly higher for ethnic minority groups and in assessing specific socio-economic and cultural reasons leading many to poverty in later life.

Population aging is a challenge that will eventually affect most countries. Canada, in particular, is facing a faster population aging than any European country (Gaymu et al., CJA 2010). This is means that the number of Canadian elderly with disability and the number of elderly needing assistance will also increase more rapidly. In a context of limited resources, Canada might have to take benefit of the informal network to take care of all those elderly people.

In this paper, we use LifePaths, a microsimulation model developed at Statistics Canada, to improve our previous efforts in projecting the potential family network. To do this research, we modified the model presented in a demographic theory of kinship (Keyfitz and Caswell, 2005) for taking into account a longitudinal component and add the number of surviving siblings to the information that we already have on surviving spouse and children. It is also important to note that this new model can be use with any set of fertility and mortality rate for any country.

The study explored income distribution among elderly in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. It based its analysis on relative income distribution by dividing population by income into 5 groups from highest 20% to lowest 20% where the first group represents those with highest incomes and the latter are those who have lowest incomes. The result shows that there is a significant number of people who have reported themselves of working/having jobs/being employed but turned out to have no income. The investigation was carried out further and found that among these people, the majority participate in household economic activities and share income with other family members. Others may possibly have other sources of finance that are not related to work e.g. the Elderly allowance from the Government, remittances from children or pension etc. The findings can be concluded that most elderly in Kanchanaburi province are able to support themselves with different sources of income.

This paper investigates how Indonesian public transfers contributes to the well being of the elders and how the new social security system will be sustained in the future. It discusses to what extent existing government support reaches the elderly poor and meets their consumption needs. The results show that how the elderly finance their retirement differs by income level, that the elderly poor in both rural and urban areas rely heavily on public transfers, and that they use public cash transfers to support other household members as well as themselves. The analysis of Generational Accounting also shows that with the same scheme, in which public transfers only covers their 80% consumption, tax adjustment as much as 7% is needed in 2020 from the current level.
Alternate scheme that follow the commitment at Law on Social Security System considers higher coverage on health insurance, particularly for the poor families. If public transfers are higher to comply with the social security requirement, tax adjustment needed is about 13% in 2020 and increase to 16% and 19% in 2030 and 2040. General imbalance is increase to 26%. However, this adjustment does not consider other component of social security that considered as public transfers.

Population ageing is intriguing phenomenon and especially important for India, where social benefits for the older population are low. Against the absence of social security and growing nuclearisation of families, the aged individuals may have to resort to wage labour. In this context, taking nationally representative data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) for 1993-94 and 2009-10 of the employment-unemployment survey, this paper examines the factors that determine the participation of the older population in wage labour and also their weekly number of days of work to gauge the labour supply decisions using probit regressions and Heckman sample selection models respectively, separately for rural and urban sectors, for both the time periods. We find that in urban areas, older individuals from poorer households have significantly higher chance of participating in wage labour and this relationship is stronger in 2009-10 than 1993-94. However, no significant association with weekly number of days of work is found. It is found that elder individuals majorly work for labour intensive works and hence may not have to ability to work for higher number of days. The findings lay foundation for universal pension scheme, with better pay to achieve higher welfare for the aged population.

This study aims to investigate the situation of social supports for elderly person aged 60 years and over in Thailand. Data used in this study are secondary for the 2011 Surveys of Elderly in Thailand which was conducted by NSO.
It is found that place of residence does not have effect for the monetary support among the elderly whose children living in the same household. Child(ren) who lived in urban area were more likely to receive money from their parents than the child(ren) who live in rural area. Elderly who had child(ren) living outside household were more likely to receive material support once a year from their children especially elderly who lived in urban area. The result also shows that there are more skipped generation pattern in rural area than urban area. Elderly and their children visited each other only once in a year especially those elderly who lived in urban area. However, children still had other social network to contact their parent. Most elderly were more likely to contact with their children by mobile phone often (everyday/ weekly/ monthly).
Family support is still a norm of Thailand but the pattern of social support has changed. Elderly can act as both “givers” and “receivers.” Thus, the government should develop policy for elderly in form of welfare such as healthcare, social, and housing welfare.

Living arrangement of older persons has become a central issue of population ageing due to its normative and practical importance for the well being of older persons. This study, utilizing ' Survey of Living Profile and Welfare Service Needs of Older Persons in Korea in 2008 and 2012, attempts to provide an empirical analysis on persistence and change of living arrangements over the life course of older persons. The study begins with cross sectional approach on living arrangement patterns in 2008 and 2012. Multinominal analysis reveals that marital status, education level, and attitudes on filial responsibilities are the main determinants of living arrangements. And analyzes the change of living arrangements over the life course following those aged 60 and over in the next 3 years are conducted. Descriptive analysis reveals that while many elder parents sustain their current living arrngements for the given period, some older persons expeirence changes. Logit regression analysis reveals that changes of living arrangements, particularly from coresidence with married children to separate resident, are closely related to not only the loss of spouse and biological ageing but also attitude on filial responsibilities and the main motive of coresidence. Based empirical results, policy implications are suggested.

Nearly half of the India’s elderly population (50+ years) are engaged in productive work either in formal or informal sectors. In the absence of any social security measures, most elderly are forced to work for themselves and their families. There is a severe shortage of reliable data in India, thus posing severe challenges to go in-depth in this dimension. Using the recently available nationally representative SAGE survey in India (sponsored by WHO), this paper analyses the levels and determinants of elderly labour force participation and its influence on access to healthcare. The sample covers about 10,000 households across six states of India. Contrary to the popular notion that poor elderly is a burden; the study found that they contribute significantly to the income of the household. Aged are not only working with low wages but are engaged in unhealthy and hazardous occupation which will have bearing on their health status. While in accessing private health care services in comparison to public health care multinomial estimation shows place of residence, sex, education and wealth quin-tile to be significant factors. The findings of the study argue for better employment avenues, safer working conditions and health insurance policies for senior citizens.

This paper investigates intra and inter cohort differences in private pension contributions, examining the extent of variation associated with key socio-demographic characteristics including gender, marital status and educational attainment. Using data from the Family Resources Survey from 1999-2000, 2004-2005 and 2009-2010 to understand these trends, this study aims to assess the extent to which the current and proposed changes to the legislative framework will address the particular circumstances of those most likely to be at risk of financial under-provision at old age. Initial findings from bivariate analysis using age, period and cohort perspectives indicate a downward trend in private pension participation by men, within and across cohorts over time. Women, in contrast, have maintained similar levels of contribution rates during the period under investigation. There are notable variations between men and women depending on their marital statuses, with single individuals across all cohorts less likely to make private pension contributions, even as they approach old age. For both men and women, later exit from education is associated with a higher incidence of private pension contributions, although over the period of investigation, there is a fall in the levels of men making private pension contribution.

In this paper, the author used a Predator-Prey Model to study how the
pension reform in China(increasing the integrated level of pension system) can influence the relationship between governments and working individuals. We separate governments as central government and local governments. The central government play a role of intelligent designer while the local governments play as predator and the working individuals are considered to be preys. We find that to increase the level of integrate of the pension system is not only necessary to build a solid social security, but also to accelerate the economy. While during the
reform, a destabilization may happen and require extra attention.