Early work experience and the future of youth in developing countries

In India, longstanding structural and cultural barriers and pervasive gender inequality have curtailed access to work experience and future employment opportunities for adolescents girls. This paper argues that early exposure to information, communication and technology (ICT) and work experience is rapidly challenging societies and these barriers, changing family and household structures, and importantly creating opportunities to change aspirations and mindsets of adolescent girls, and their families.

This qualitative study was carried out in Tamil Nadu investigated attitudes and structural barriers faced by young females attending two engineering colleges. Questionnaires were completed by male (n=364) and female students (n=241), representing all social groups and castes. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted to explore the role of agency and structure in promoting and constraining the student's aspirations and ambitions.

This paper presents the girls’ perceptions of the difficulties and realities they face, giving unique insights to the barriers facing this cohort of the ICT era, and struggles between reality and optimism. Interestingly, these young women were more focused on studies, determined to succeed, and many had higher goals and aspirations than their male counterparts.

Using panel data from 1,878 participants of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS), this study examines early work experience of Filipino youths aged 20-22 years and the possible implications of this experience on their educational attainment, current work status, and health. Seventy two percent of the youth reported having worked at or before age 16 years (median age at first work is 13), of which 81% worked while studying and 19% stopped schooling in order to work. Of those who were working at ages 14-16, 46% were working for pay, while 54% were unpaid family workers. Gender differences were apparent in these experiences, thus gender-stratified analysis was employed. At the bivariate level, early work experience in conjunction with schooling status is shown to be associated with educational level, work status and earnings, and psychosocial and nutritional wellbeing at ages 20-22 years. Multivariate linear and multinomial logistic regression analyses took into account possible confounding factors such as mother’s age, education, number of living children, household assets and the community’s level of urbanization. Preliminary analysis has shown that early work experience demonstrated adverse and gender-specific influences on some aspects of human capital formation among Filipino young adults.

International migration for employment has been prominent in Philippine society in the last 40 years. For many Filipinos, migration is part of their lived experiences as members of transnational households of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). This paper interrogates international migration in the life aspirations and experiences of young Filipinos (i.e., those in the ages 15-24) by addressing the following questions: (1) what are their migration intentions? (2) what are the scale, profile and patterns of the international migration of young Filipinos? (3) how do the drivers and the migration patterns of young Filipinos compare with those of older Filipinos? and (4) what do the migration intentions and realities of youth migrants imply for policy-making? Data for the paper were drawn from the authors’ previous research on migration, a review of the literature, migration data and migration policies, complemented by additional qualitative data from focus group discussions with selected youth groups. Persistent higher youth unemployment frames the intentions and decisions of young Filipinos to work abroad. The concentration of young Filipino migrants in less skilled and unprotected occupations call for policies and programs to reduce their vulnerabilities in their search for livelihood and a better life.

This paper explore the differentials of various schooling attendance pattern i.e. never attended, entered into school, dropout rate, repeating , left school two or more years ago and overage schooling among various social groups determined by economic condition of household in India. The wealth index has used to know the child schooling pattern differentials in various economic categories of household. The study finding suggest that the bottom 20 % (poorest) household’s children have more deprived in schooling pattern as never attended, dropout rate and overage schooling compared to middle and richest household children. The States have also a big difference in child schooling attendance pattern (Bihar has highest 39 % never attended compared to lowest for Kerala as 2 percent). The over age schooling among Scheduled Tribe children are more compared to other social class in India. The paper concludes that the various economic categories (poorest, poorer, middle, richer and richest) directly determining the schooling pattern and over age schooling in India.

The present study is a trial to investigate the impact of early work experience among Egyptian adolescents on their continuation in the educational system, and their future employment status. Data of Survey of Young People in Egypt, 2011 is utilized to achieve the study goals. About one-third of all adolescent interviewed in the survey has experienced a type of early work in their childhood period. Male adolescents are more exposed to join the early work experience 2.5 times higher than female. Early work experience is mainly motivated by the shortage of families’ income to finance the continuation of their children in educational system, and the mass need of families to raise their income. Only 20% of adolescents with early work experience have completed the secondary level. Early work experience may not lead to better opportunity to be employed in the future. The strength of unemployment is higher among females with early work experience than females without early work experience. Activating the laws of preventing children from work until age of 15 combined with reducing the burden of educational costs, especially for poor families will help in reducing the phenomena of early work experience among adolescent.

This paper estimates the returns to short term work experience in a developing country setting. I exploit exogenous variation in acquired (short-term) work experience induced by an experiment that randomized individuals’ outside options of employment during a recruitment process. I find the following key results. First, there is no statistically significant impact of short-term work experience on employment. Second, individuals do earn a return to the short term work experience – those who were randomly assigned to work experience subsequently earn approximately $3.6 - $5 more per day. This is a large return translating into a 50 to 70 percent increase in wages that persists eight months after acquiring the short term work experience. Third, I find that the estimated returns are larger and more persistent among those who performed worst on a high stakes numeracy and literacy test.

This article shows findings on research about young Brazilians workers, it clears up interface between school and work trajectories. The aim of study has been to understand child and adolescent labor relations, early workers characterizes as socioeconomic profile and schooling. Another aim was to capture possible effects on early work for future labor trajectories.
It is used a national housing sample survey (PNAD) made by Brazilian government agency (IBGE). Study analyses young who work and study or just work. Knowledge about labor and education Brazilian young could be enriched by data from a research on beneficiaries of cash transfer program, Bolsa Familia. There were interviewed four families beneficiaries; all of them have entered labor market too early.
Findings show just poor people work before sixteen years old. Their labor relations are precarious. High income people enter labor market after sixteen years with high study degree. People that work before sixteen years old used to submitted on precarious labor relations all life. It is possible to verify child and adolescent work is damage to future work trajectories.

The study revealed that 80% of Cameroon’s domestic workers are women under 19 with no or low education and are from poor rural backgrounds. Their working conditions are very dificult as 19.6% of them work day and night and the average daily duration of work is as high as 12 hours. 4.1% of them also work on their employers’ farms or taking care of animals while still carrying out their customary activities as domestic workers. 25.0% of them work throughout the week and some go without annual leave and when it is granted, it is without pay.12.3% of domestic workers do not receive a wage. Domestic workers are very lowly paid with 68.8% of them receiving a monthly wage below the minimum wage of 55 US dollars. 79.5% of them work without a written work contract ,95.6%° are unaware of the existence of minimum wage,90.4% are unaware of the obligation for social insurance contibutions by their employers and 98.6% are ignorant of the existence of a maximum number of daily working hours. Domestic work in Cameroon is to a large extent a form of slavery with a high degree of exploitation. More 60 percent of domestic workers especially the young ones are recruited via a network of intrmediaries who make enornous gains in the transactions
Key words: domestic work, slavery, Cameroon, work load, exploitation

Sexual harassment is an important public issue due to its negative impacts on the society.
This paper aims to examine the prevalence of sexual harassment perpetrated by employers on their employees in some companies and organizations identifies the characteristics associated with this phenomenon.
The data used in this paper comes from a cross-sectional survey on Sexual harassment at the workplace carried out in 2008. A total of 1,437 working class women aged between 25-55 from Kampala, Mukono and Entebbe districts were interviewed and associations between sexual harassment and the explanatory variables were assessed and analyzed.
Overall, about three in five women (58%) had experienced some form of sexual harassment by their employers.
Women who accepted to have sexual encounters with their bosses constituted 26% and these were less likely to be fired or demoted even if they were underperforming.
The study indicates that sexual harassment at work place against women in Uganda is wide spread. Programs should focus on education and women's empowerment to reduce sexual harassment and protect women's rights. Furthermore, sensitizing the male employers about the dangers of violating women’s right should be encouraged to minimize sexual advances and sexual harassment from employers.

The number of educated unemployed increased in Indonesia every year. whereas, educated unemployed is expected quicker get the job. It is Because they have more quality than unemployment of less educated in market labour.
The research objects are to describe characteristic of socio-demographic and economic of educated unemployed and to analize socio-demographic and economic influence toward educated unemployed duration in Banten Province.
This research used the secondary data from National Survey of Labour in Indonesia year 2010 (SAKERNAS 2010). Descriptive analysis is used to describe characteristic of socio-demographic and economic of educated unemployed. Cox Regression analysis is used to analize socio-demographic and economic influence toward educated unemployed duration.
This research found that age, sex, household status, mobility status, job experiences, income group, and income status are significantly influence time of looking for jobs by educated unemployed. In the other hand, area of residence is not significantly influence time of looking for jobs by educated unemployed in Banten Province.