International migration: recent policy directions

Raw income differentials between the two countries have gone from 2.9 times larger in the US than in Mexico during the 1970s to 3.2 times larger in 2010. Along with the widening of the regional economic and wage gap, the international migration from Mexico to US has increased from less than 120 thousand migrants a year in 1970 to more than half million migrants a year in 2010. Using United States and Mexican micro-data on socioeconomic characteristics of workers living in communities close to the border, this paper compares wages of identical individuals both sides of the border after controlling for unobserved differences between the productivity of migrants and non-migrants as well as explain the Mexican social and economic policies to indirect control of emigration in the country. We found that domestic-born, domestic-educated workers in the US side gain around 3.4 times the wage of an identical domestic-born, domestic-educated worker in Mexico. However, Mexican-born-educated legal workers in the US side of the border gain 2.8 times the wage of an identical worker in the Mexican side. Illegal workers in the US side of the border gain only 1.8 times more than their Mexican counterparts, which may not represent the larger benefit of moving, as their wages increase 1.6 times just for moving close to Mexican side of the border.

The effectiveness of migration policies has been widely contested in the face of their supposed failure to steer immigration and their hypothesized unintended, counter-productive effects. However, due to fundamental methodological and conceptual limitations, evidence has remained inconclusive. While the migration policy research is often descriptive and receiving-country biased, migration determinants research tends to be based on obsolete, theoretically void push-pull and gravity models which tend to omit crucial non-economic, sending-country and policy factors. More fundamentally, this poor state-of-the-art reveals a still limited understanding of the forces driving migration. This paper aims to fill part of this gap through a quantitative assessment of the short and long-terms effects of immigration and emigration policy measures on the volume of total and bilateral migration flows between 1950 and 2010 when controlling for the effects of other relevant sending and receiving country determinants of international migration. The paper is part of the ERC funded DEMIG (Determinants of International Migrations Project) and draws upon new, unique data sets generated by the project: DEMIG C2C (bilateral flows – 1950-2010); DEMIG TOTAL (gross flow); DEMIG MIGPOL (migration policy); DEMIG VISA (global visa database).

China is facing more and more international immigrants as its economic development and globalization. According to the 2010 Population Census, there are 593.8 thousand foreigners living in China for at least 3 months or plan to live for 3 months. The paper compared the data of international immigrants between population census and other data sources, such as Minstry of Public Security, Minstry of Health, Ministry of labor and social security, etc based on the special administrative system on international migration in China. The paper analyzed the demographic characteristics of international immigrants, their citizenship, gender and age structure, education, purpose of immigration, duration of stay, as well as their living arrangement in China. Based on the Census data, the paper also compared the internationl immigrants with the migrants from Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan, analyze the characteristics of immigration in different regions, such as economic developed area like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, border area like Yunnan, Guangxi.

From a Latin American perspective, we discuss the importance and necessity of the human rights based approach in all interventions with migrant populations, due to the risks of violation and helplessness faced in many countries, and the fact that these issues have been moving in numerous agendas of cooperation and international features whose duties require them to states that have ratified them. They are tasked to take charge of the protection and the fight against discrimination, and should establish regulations and policies on this basis. In many countries regulations and interventions take time to collect the precepts of international law or simply not advanced in legislation. There are rigidities, favoring the discretion of the authority and regression in the protection of rights. References are made to Latin America and Chile, and the overall context of the human rights situation of migrants. We provide evidence for interventions with migrant populations note that the practices of violation of rights must deal adopting premises and approaches demanding the fulfillment of commitments to the States.

Migration data resources in Iran include census, sample studies and administrative data each of which have some limitations: national migration data is generally obtained from censuses. It is conducted every 10 years and doesn’t reflect current trends. International migration data comprises of people who born abroad and live in Iran, but it doesn’t show origin-destination flows, length of migration and mistakenly includes Iranians born abroad who return back to Iran. It also lacks information about people who born in Iran and then emigrates. Sample studies have limitation of covering all migrants unless the survey is carried out in a national level. Administrative data on legal international migrants accompanies limitation of unadjusted travel justifications issued due to changing residential intentions by the use of legal loopholes. In addition, administering organizations are not obligated to publish migration statistics they routinely collect. This paper discusses possible solutions for these limitations on the base of organizational relations in Iran. The study main method is a survey conducted among 530 data migration professionals including practitioners, researchers, experts and university professors. The results are discussed in three sites: migrants entering Iran, movements inside Iran and migrants leaving Iran.

Education migration has been increasing significantly during the last six decades. Each year since 2001, Canada has received over 130,000 students from abroad and one of the top source countries is South Korea. In the last decade there has been a significant trend of increasing numbers of younger foreign students in Canada and other English-speaking countries. South Korean transnational families mobilizing abroad for their children’s education have a strong presence in various aspects of Canadian society yet few studies have been conducted to understand this phenomenon from micro to macro levels. Thus, our analysis is three-pronged. Firstly, we explore 1) how the phenomenon of education migration for minor students and accompanying mothers has been produced by home and host countries in their social policies and legislation and 2) how this new transnational family arrangement impacts the family functions and relationships in Canada and 3) how the young education migrants fare in the Canadian school system.

A specific feature of the Georgian labour migration is that it is largely illegal. Numerous attempts to develop a labour migration law in Georgia have failed for various reasons. Cooperation with different countries aimed at regulating labour migration has also been unsuccessful; for the moment Georgia has not signed bilateral labour migration agreements with foreign countries regulating the labour migration flows of Georgian citizens abroad. In 2009, Georgia together with the European Commission and 16 EU Member States moved to the implementation phase of the Mobility Partnership (MP), which is an important event encouraging circular migration. However, currently there are still no effective mechanisms in Georgia to support legal labour migration in any way. In order to facilitate a circular migration Georgian government should take a leadership in its arrangements and create the special services for its implementation in order to help to organise pre-migration assistance. In October, 2012 as a result of Parliament election the government of Georgia has been changed and cardinal changes in all fields of social policy are expecting. Let us hope that new government will be more effective in facilitation of circular migration in Georgia.

This paper is a Visualization study, Aimed to Prepare Specialists and Migration Managing Leaders for the 21st Century, by analyzing different lessons from around the world. includes a broad overview of push and pull factors determining future migration flows
It is hard, if not impossible to forecast the scale and direction of future migration, but the indications are that flows from the developing world to developed countries will increase, or at least remain constantSurprisingly little in-depth researches has been carried out to date to help decision makers in government, business and society in getting better understanding the complexities and wider consequences of this phenomena future.Decision makers need to be better informed about the factors likely to “push” emigration from developing countries, e.g. poverty, lack of employment , and civil, however, they will require a better understanding of the likely evolution of factors “pulling” migrants to developed countries, such as higher living standards, education and employment ageing , potentially significant skills shortages.This paper Visualizing the possible future context and consequences of international migration – giving a “big picture” perspective – and to assist stakeholders in their long-term strategic thinking on these issues future scenarios. as the gap

The phenomenon of migration, which is associated with the globalisation process of the world’s economy, is also reflected in Poland. The emigration of Poles indicates a tendency of temporary or seasonal departures, which is in accordance with the migration trends observed in Europe or throughout the world. The current migration processes and the consequences of implementing the Union’s principle of the free flow of workers, are not reflected in the state strategies. Their presence is required in light of the data concerning emigration potential and emigration resources, as well as the newest demographic projections up to the year 2035. The treatment of the migration policy as a permanent element of the state’s development and modernisation strategy requires it to be based on solid knowledge regarding the nature and results of migration.
The migration process from and to Poland is therefore very complicated and, due to this, difficult to capture, and additionally its nature is very dynamic, as can be observed with the changes related to the worsening of the economic situation in the world. This paper contains an analysis of youth migration, with a particular emphasis on features specific to 2009-2011, in relation to their dynamics and changes taking place in the previous years

Most studies of the link between migrants’ legal status and their integration into destination societies conceptualize legal status as a dichotomy and focus on economic outcomes such as employment and wages. This paper will broaden the investigation to include multiple legal domains and multiple indicators of economic integration across multiple contexts of reception. Using data from the MAFE-Senegal project, this study will include time-varying indicators of legal status in the domains of work and residence to predict employment, occupational prestige, and subjective assessments of both absolute and relative economic well-being. Preliminary results indicate that legal authorization to work and reside at destination are significantly associated with all four outcomes, but that these associations vary by context of reception. Not having a work permit is associated with lower probabilities of employment in Spain and Italy, while not having a residence permit is associated with higher probabilities of employment in all three destinations.