Labour force participation and productivity at older ages

As more as people live longer, concern with their health is the most important of middle and older ages. This paper aims to examine the disease burden among the aged persons in the study area. To analyze the socio-economic and demographic background characteristics of the aged person in the study area. To find the predictors of the disease burden among the aged persons in the town with fitted model of logistic regression analysis The present analysis has been made the data obtained from the aged persons in the Kumbakonam town. 3 percent of the respondents were selected as the sample from the total population. But removing uncorrected schedule 300 samples were taken for the analysis. . The analysis indicated that except sex and religion other variables significantly associated with dependent variable at 0.05 percent.

China’s population has undergone ageing rapidly over the last decades and the level of population aging in rural areas is higher than that of the urban areas. Using the data from survey conducted in rural areas of Shaanxi Province in Northwest of China in 2011, the paper establishes multi-dimension measures to explore the gender difference and influential factors of China’s rural elderly participation. Some tentative findings have been drawn. First, social participation of female elderly are generally lower than that of male one. Second, each dimension of social participation shows imbalanced extend, both male and female elderly seldom participate economic activities, political participation has little higher than that of economic one, while the elderly are more likely participate cultural activities. Third, for the male elderly, those who are young, live with their spouse, engage in non-agricultural industry have higher social participation rate. And some community variables have significant effect on their participation. Fourth, for the female elderly, those who are young, have good health are more likely have higher social participation rate, while community variables have no significant effect on their participation indicated universal phenomena of low social participation for female elderly in rural China.

An analysis of Argentine and Brazilian old-age occupied people is proposed on the basis of the household surveys from 2011. For that purpose, the process of demographic ageing in both countries will be described. Some concepts related to the labour participation of old-age adults in Latin America and in the two countries subject of study will be reviewed afterwards. The focus will also be put on the relationship between the level of social security coverage and the old-age labour participation, to characterize immediately after the occupied old-age adults living in both countries.
The structure of employment of old-age adults in Argentina was clearly polarized. People with a lower education level were engaged in occupations such as construction, domestic service, care and attention of persons, industrial and handicraft production, repair and surveillance activities. On the other hand, workers with a higher education level, were engaged in occupations such as education, health, small and middle companies, administration, planning and commercialization. In Brazil, a higher concentration can be observed in less qualified occupations, and a predominance of service workers, textile industry, graphic industry, agriculture and cattle raising, sales and trade workers.

This paper analizes the labor participation of women age 60 and over, residing in urban areas in Argentina, departing from special processings of the Permanent Survey of Households for the third quarter of 2011. Whith this aim, this paper analyzes some concepts about labor participation of elder adults and offers a summary of the social security coverage in Argentina at the end of the first decade of the XXI century. Also it targets at characterizing the labor participation of elder women in urban areas of Argentina. It also aims at analyzing the factors associated to labour participation of Argentine urban aged women from a quantitative perspective.
Finally, through in depth interviews to a sub-group of women over 59 years old and with an occupation, it tackles the advantages and disadvantages of keeping a job, in connection with income, social life, health, family and marital relationships. It also aims at assessing projected age to abandon paid activities as well as projects, fears, and expectations related to this event. In addition, it aims to capture their opinions about the factors that facilitate and hinder labour insertion of people of their age and educational level, about prejudice and labour discrimination.

The population forecast by sex, age, region and educational attainment has never been done in the Czech Republic before the year 2011. Human capital becomes a crucial factor for economic growth in developed countries. Its forecast is a key for understanding possible future development and it can be marked as an input of all economic and social development scenarios. Authors try to forecast the level of the human capital represented by the highest educational attainment what is currently the only way how it can be measured. However, authors are aware that this approach does not exactly correspond with actual knowledge, skills and abilities of individuals.
The multi-state models (Markov chains) were applied for the construction of the forecast. It was made through the transition intensities applied to the current state in the cohort perspective (the transition probabilities between states were determined for every single age in every single year). The educational structure of the Czech population known from the 2001 Census was used as the initial structure.
In accordance to the results of the forecast it could be expected that the share of low-educated people will decrease very significantly in the Czech Republic and the share of people with tertiary education should increase rapidly to 2050.

In Mexico a small proportion of the elderly is covered by pensions and a large number receive an insufficient pension. The question is how people survive into old age. Independent of whether or not they are pensioned, an option is working. The results of the Population Census 2010 show that 30.6% of the individuals aged 60 or older participate in the labor market. Our main objective in this paper is to review which factors are determinants of the labor force participation of elderly in Mexico. Based on the Census data we estimate a logistic regression model, separately for the three age groups (60-64, 65-74 and 75+). In the three age groups our main results show that men are more likely to participate in the labor market; and have a pension and a disability reduce the likelihood of participation. But, the marginal effects of these variables decrease in the last groups.

Population ageing is intriguing phenomenon and especially important for India, where social benefits for the older population are low. Against the absence of social security and growing nuclearisation of families, the aged individuals may have to resort to wage labour. In this context, taking nationally representative data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) for 1993-94 and 2009-10 of the employment-unemployment survey, this paper examines the factors that determine the participation of the older population in wage labour and also their weekly number of days of work to gauge the labour supply decisions using probit regressions and Heckman sample selection models respectively, separately for rural and urban sectors, for both the time periods. We find that in urban areas, older individuals from poorer households have significantly higher chance of participating in wage labour and this relationship is stronger in 2009-10 than 1993-94. However, no significant association with weekly number of days of work is found. It is found that elder individuals majorly work for labour intensive works and hence may not have to ability to work for higher number of days. The findings lay foundation for universal pension scheme, with better pay to achieve higher welfare for the aged population.

Nearly half of the India’s elderly population (50+ years) are engaged in productive work either in formal or informal sectors. In the absence of any social security measures, most elderly are forced to work for themselves and their families. There is a severe shortage of reliable data in India, thus posing severe challenges to go in-depth in this dimension. Using the recently available nationally representative SAGE survey in India (sponsored by WHO), this paper analyses the levels and determinants of elderly labour force participation and its influence on access to healthcare. The sample covers about 10,000 households across six states of India. Contrary to the popular notion that poor elderly is a burden; the study found that they contribute significantly to the income of the household. Aged are not only working with low wages but are engaged in unhealthy and hazardous occupation which will have bearing on their health status. While in accessing private health care services in comparison to public health care multinomial estimation shows place of residence, sex, education and wealth quin-tile to be significant factors. The findings of the study argue for better employment avenues, safer working conditions and health insurance policies for senior citizens.

Labor participation at older ages is an important way of social participation for older persons; it also has strong impacts on their economic resources and life quality. China has 190 million older persons aged 60 and over and projected to increase to 480 million by 2050. Comparing the census data of 2010 and 2000, we find the pattern of labor participation at older ages has been changing dramatically due to the improvement of social security system nationwide, which causes the declining labor participation rate of older ages in urban areas, and the increasing emigration of young people from rural to urban areas, which causes the rapid growth of labor participation at older ages in the rural. The above changing patterns arise various socioeconomic challenges and need policy responses, the key challenges include: does China need to encourage the labor participation at older ages in line with the rapid population ageing and possible shortage of labor force in the near future? What are the consequences of declining labor participation at older ages in urban areas and increasing labor participation in rural area in the long run? What policies should China adapt to enable the older persons to continue their labor participation? This paper analyses the changing pattern, determinants and consequences and give policy recommendations.

Managing plentiful labour force efficiently is a challenging task for the transitional economies but shortfall creates problem in developed world. India, with a huge bulk of younger population, is going to produce a huge supply of labour force in coming decades. Utilizing three rounds of NSSO data during 1999-2009 on Employment and Unemployment Survey and scientifically projected population based on 2001 Census, the present paper has explored likely scenario of labour force in India and its 21 major states. The entry and exit rate method for synthetic cohort, developed by OECD has been applied for projection of labour force. The LFPR among women in India is much lower among females compared to males and likely to increase among females but will remain stagnant among males till 2051. Female LFPR will decline among youths and will increase rapidly in the late adulthood. This seems to be a serious policy concern.