Migration and gender

Our work is focused on the intention of migration of unemployed persons, women and men. The main objective is to study how gender relations influences the intention of migration of unemployed persons, in order to better understand the migratory patterns of men and women, in Tunisia. By analyzing the macro and the micro conditions of men and women, in particular the economic context, we will try to explain the influence of gender relations on the intention of migration (have the intention to migrate or not if there is a job opportunity). We will try through our work to see who have intention to migrate? And, how the socio-economic regional context influences the intention of migration of women and men in Tunisia? We use the data from the national Survey of Population and Employment realized in 2005 and in 2010. The surveys contain information about the individual characteristics of the unemployed person and of their households. And we can also have other macro-information about the regional context. Our analysis is based on a spatial and a comparative approach between men and women according to the different socio-economic factors. We developed a descriptive and a multivariate analysis based on logistic regression.

Possibilities for migrant couples to migrate together or to reunify in destination countries are increasingly limited as family reunification and migration laws are becoming more stringent. Consequently, there is an increase in transnational couples, whereby one of the spouses is living in a different country. Yet, little is known about the dynamics of transnational marriages and to what extent couples reunify. Additionally, it is commonly assumed that reunification takes place at destination, disregarding cases where reunification takes place at origin. This paper addresses these gaps by focusing on Ghanaian couples with migration experience using a multi-sited research design.
Different trajectories of couples’ marital and migration histories are analysed using sequential analysis. We examine whether variation in trajectories is associated with migration-related variables, such as destination or period of migration, focusing on couples that have experienced ‘living-apart-together’. Secondly, we distinguish between reunification at destination and at origin and examine which factors influence reunification in these two settings. We use discrete-time event-history analyses, applying a comparative risks approach. Data from the MAfE-Ghana project on Ghanaian migrants is used (N=741).

In this work we analyse immigrant entrepreneurship in Italy using an integrated data set of Italian Business Register (ASIA) and Archives of the Chambers of Commerce for the period of time 2007-2010. The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the phenomenon during the economic crisis in Italy, shedding light to the adaptation pattern that characterize migrant entrepreneurs in the Italian context, and paying particular attention to gender dimension.
The data system refers to about 6 million business people; 5% of them are born abroad. About 70% of foreign born entrepreneurs comes from extra UE countries and they are particularly represented among individual business. Immigrant men are overrepresented in the job field which were most affected by the economic crisis (constructions, industrial production, finance), while women are active mainly in the health care and social assistance sectors, which were less affected. The study confirms that the immigrant female entrepreneurs respond to clearly distinct market functions than their male counterpart and shed light on the adaptation process of immigrant entrepreneurs into the social and economic context of the host country.

In Bangladesh population movement is not new but has emerged in new forms and through new processes. The traditional rural to urban migration of adult men seeking a better life, with or without families, is no longer the dominant practice. Short and medium term international labour migration of men from rural areas to a wide range of international destinations is gaining importance in household livelihood strategies. Not only that, the mechanism of migration has altered significantly: the primary mode of using family and kin networks have given way to reliance on commercial recruiters and agents. The new patterns and processes of migration, in particular the distinct characteristics of contemporary migrants, have wellbeing implications on family members left behind, especially women. While the impact of remittances on the household economy (poverty reduction) and on the local and national economies (land market, financial market, balance of payments) are undeniable, and have also received considerable research and policy attention the social impact of migration, some of which are visible and direct, while others are latent and more complex, is not well understood. This paper examines the social impact of male migration on household gender relations and behaviours using both household survey data and qualitative case studies.

A number of researchers have discussed the pattern of marriage migration as a function of distance. Recently, the functional relationship of distance with marriage migration to Bangladesh data was found satisfactorily well through a polynomial model. The aim of this paper is to test the suitability of this polynomial model on Indian data, collected from the Hindu dominated rural areas at different time periods i.e., in 1978, 1984 and 2002. It is observed that marriage field associated with distance has increased over the last two-three decades. Polynomial model of third degree fitted to the distribution of distance associated with marriage migration to different set of rural Indian data, was found that the model fits the data satisfactorily well only, if distance associated with marriage migration i.e. marriage field is standardised. That is, a polynomial model approximates the distribution of distance associated with marriage migration satisfactorily well whether it is from a Hindu society or from a Muslim if grouping of the distance is standardised. It means the class intervals of the distance associated with marriage plays a major role in the fitting of a polynomial model.

In discourses on development, empowerment, and autonomy, mobility has generally considered as a facilitating force and positively coded as progress, freedom or modernity. A close look at mobility in India may tell altogether another story. Especially the mobility of women which brings to mind issues of restrictions, vigilance and control. In this context, this paper examines the quality of migration and sex differentials in quality of migration for India and its six regions. This paper seeks to answer three basic questions (1) Does all mobility brings development or can be considered as an indicator of development? (2) Does mobility is push factor or pull factor induced phenomenon in India? and, (3) what is the pattern of migration returns in India? Overall, this paper aims to understand how different the meaning of migration for men and women in India is? Sex wise bifurcation of mobility shows the greater mobility of women (64 %) in India. In which 95 % is explained by push factors and 5 % is explained by pull factors. For males, 90 % of migration is driven by pull factors. Mobility within states is dominated by women (77 per cent), while long distance migration such as inter-state (68 per cent) and international (82 per cent) are an instance of male prerogatives in India.

Individual-level studies of the effects of economic fluctuations and political instability on migration are scarce and most focus on international migration. Implications of economic and political instability for internal migration, a massive phenomenon throughout the world, have not been well examined. Using recent nationally representative survey data from Kyrgyzstan, we look at variations in levels of internal migration and relate them to the economic and political instability in that Central Asian nation in the first decade of this century. Event-history models predicting yearly risks of migration detect no clear association of these risks with episodes of heightened political instability but show a decrease in the risks in response to the strongest economic shock of the observation period. The results also point to some instructive differences across types of area of residence, education, employment, gender, and ethnicity. These findings are interpreted within the context of complex intersections of politics, economy, and culture in this transitional post-Soviet setting.

In 2000, the number of floating population was 3.5 million, and the number reached to 9.6 million in 2012, accounting for 40% of the permanent residents in Shanghai. According to China’s censuses in 2010 and 2000, the increase of the number of female floating population was as quick as that of males within the ten years. Now, females are playing increasingly important role in migration stream due to expanded employment opportunities, however, the status of female floating population, especially the income, was lower than their counterparts. This paper explores gender difference in income of floating people in Shanghai.

Data used is from the updated dynamic monitoring survey of the floating population in Shanghai, conducted in May, 2012, which examined the living and development conditions of 14993 floating people at the age of 15 to 59 and 44675 their family members. The interest of this study lies in gender based income difference. We check whether there is income difference between males and females, by using multiple linear regressioncontrolling for potential confounders (age, occupation, education). Then, the comparison of income difference in gender perspective is conducted both before and after floating experience of floating people.

The main objective of this article is to contribute to the discussion of the incorporation of gender studies to population studies. Therefore, it becomes a major demographic variables - migration - intersection that may seek to deepen interdisciplinary studies, seeking to overcome theoretical and methodological challenges through the recent advances both in gender studies, as migration. We seek to discuss international migration in theoretical and methodological framework of gender studies. Thus, the question "how articulate the migration of women and their conditions and what kind of impacts and specificities are observed in this phenomenon?" becomes central.

This paper aims to understand the inter relationship between women empowerment and its influence on female migration. With transition of the economy the gender relations within the household is changing and perhaps the status of women in the household significantly influencing female migration. Since, migration decision is taken in a household dynamics; this study trying to measure women’s empowerment and its influence on migration through their participation in different decision taking place within the household dynamics.
The data for the purpose of the study is drawn from the last two rounds of NSSO i.e. 64th round (2007-08) and 55th round (1999-00) as well as NFHS-II(1998-99) and NFHS-III(2005-06). Multiple regression analysis has been carried out to understand the relation between female migration and its relation with women empowerment at state level.
The results from multivariate analysis highlights that greater involvement of women in household decisions in terms decision regarding own health have significant influence on migration decision. Similarly the relative status of women measured in terms of their age and educational difference also significantly influence female migration decision. This indicates women who are empowered in household decision also exert a significant influence on their migration decision.