Poster session on Gender and population (1)

Violence within marriage is not uncommon in India. Mainly husband perpetrates physical and sexual violence on wife. However, not much is known about the predictors of such violence from married men and women’s perspective separately. Youth in India study, a sub nationally representative survey, help us to explore this dimension minutely. About one fourth of married men and women perpetrated physical violence and experienced the same respectively, while one in three young women reported coercive sex perpetrated by husband. The result reveals that married men with higher age at marriage residing in non nuclear family and urban parts, with better economic condition are less likely to carry out physical violence. Consumption of drug and alcohol, extra marital relation and witnessing own violence at childhood; enhance the chance of physical violence in marital life. Interestingly men who have witnessed parental violence in childhood are less likely to commit both form of violence. North- South divides are also distinct; experience of physical violence is more in the south while for sexual violence it is other way round. Love marriage perpetrates more violence while non payment of dowry enhances the chances of less violence.

Like other Western-industrialized countries, Australians who wish to have reproductive treatment for sex selection purposes must travel overseas to access them as there are legal barriers prohibiting the treatment in Australia. This raises the question about how Australian get their information on services and care to make informed decisions about this form of “reproductive tourism”. Our paper uses Grounded Theory Method to analyse data collected from Australian medical providers, overseas clinic websites, and Australian internet forums and discussion boards. We find that some Australian clinics advise their clients to go overseas for procedures which are illegal in Australia. In turn, overseas fertility specialists actively market their services for residents in countries such as Australia where the procedures are not allowed. The analysis of the forum and discussion boards provides considerable detail on the reasons and approach that people take. The main topics that arise on the internet forums are being able to speak freely and safely, anonymity, telling others, interactions with doctors, travel logistics, quality of service and cost.

Over the last couple of years South Korea has exhibited a lowest fertility rate of slightly less than 1.2 birth per woman. Daegu, one of the provinces of South Korea is lower than the national level- 0.99 birth per woman in 2005 and 1.15 birth per women in 2011. Health, gender and childcare policy decisions undoubtedly play a major role in the trend of birth rate in the region. While the government has raised budgets for low birth, the birth rate has improved including Daegu region. However, other important factors rear their heads as the desire to have children. This paper explores a closer look at the case of Daegu focusing on prevailing attitudes on marriage, childbearing, and gender role are examined to reflect on the demographic problem of few children. The policy development and implementation are analysed to uncover how they promote birth rate in terms of gender roles between men and women in particular.

Gender-based domestic violence (GDV) has remained a major concern in India. Though, in the past, studies have identified intergenerational exposure to domestic violence as one of the major contributors, there is almost no evidence on the extent and determinants of intergenerational transmission of GDV in India. Using data from a sub-nationally representative study (Youth in India: Situation and Needs (2006-2007)), we investigate the extent and the patterns of intergenerational transmission of GDV (wife beating) in India. Our initial findings indicate that India suffers from substantial intergenerational persistence (low mobility) of GDV; e.g., we find about 41% of the ever married males whose fathers have ever beaten their mothers, to be involved in wife beating. Similarly, about 66% of the never married males whose fathers have ever beaten their mothers feel that it is alright to beat their wives. Strangely, about 66% and 50% of the unmarried females whose mothers were ever beaten and never beaten by their fathers, respectively feel that it is alright to be beaten by their husbands. There are considerable variations in these figures by location, wealth status, caste and religion.

Despite several recent studies documenting high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) among gay and bisexual men (GBM), the literature is silent regarding GBM’s perceptions of IPV within their community, or the perceptions of the helpfulness of a hypothetical police response to a male victim of male-perpetrated. Data were drawn from a 2011 survey of venue-recruited GBM (n=1,041) and analyzed through chi-square tests and logistic regression. Participants were asked how helpful the police would be in the hypothetical situations of both a gay/bisexual male experiencing IPV and a heterosexual female experiencing IPV. Although the majority of respondents had similar perceptions of the commonness and severity of IPV in GBM compared to heterosexual women, the majority of the sample (58.6%) reported perceiving that contacting the police would be less helpful for a gay/bisexual male victim of IPV than for a heterosexual female victim of IPV. In logistic regression, associations were found between increasing experiences of homophobic discrimination and this comparatively negative view of police response. This learned anticipation of rejection by protective legal forces should be considered as the response to male-male intimate partner violence grows.

Intimate partner violence (IPV), a common form of violence against women perpetrated by husband or intimate male partner, often happens in low developed countries. IPV is found to be associated with range of negative effects: often leads to still birth, premature delivery, low birth weight, high risk of STI, lower use of maternal health care etc. In India, at least half of battered wives reported the episode of violence while they were pregnant. However, there is no clear understanding about the association between IPV and unintended pregnancy in the context of India.
The present study examines the relationship between IPV and unintended pregnancy in India .The study uses data from third round of National Family and Health Survey conducted during 2005-2006. The original sample size is restricted to currently-married women of reproductive age who completed the surveys Domestic Violence Module and who had a pregnancy in the past five years. Using multinomial logistic regression, the study compares outcomes of current/last pregnancy (intended, mistimed and unwanted) by exposure to various types of IPV.
Women who ever experienced IPV showed consistently higher risks of unintended pregnancy in India. After adjusting for socio-demographic covariates and lifet

Maternal health in Nigeria is among the poorest in the world. Factors responsible for the poor state of maternal health in the country include low women’s empowerment. Quantitative data was extracted from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health. Qualitative data will be collected to augment the secondary data. The Stata (Version 10.0) computer software was used for statistical analysis. Results of logistic regressions reveal that women’s autonomy (i.e. control over own healthcare) significantly influence place of delivery (OR =1.64, p < 0.01); assistance during delivery (OR = 1.64, p < 0.01); and antenatal care visits (OR = 1.65, p < 0.01). Women who participated in decision making about household large purchases have higher odds for facility delivery (OR = 1.05), and higher antenatal care visits (OR = 1.03). Furthermore, women who accepts male dominance when: wife goes out without permission; argues with male partner; and when wife refuses sex with male partner have less likelihood of facility delivery, skilled assistance during delivery and adequate antenatal visits. The study showed that women empowerment is an important concern that must be addressed to improve maternal health in Nigeria.

Viet Nam has exhibited some signs of high sex ratio at birth (SRB) for the first time in 2000 and confirmed high SRB at national level of 110.6 in the 2009 census data. This study is to examine these high SRB and to identify possible social-economic determinants such parental age, birth order, sex of previous birth, parental education and household economic status. We did analyses, including bivariate analysis and logistic regression, on data of 5940 births from 2004 to 2011 that were obtained from CHILILAB, a community-based periodic Demographic-Epidemiologic Surveillance System for Hai Duong. As a result, the SRB in the 2007 – 2011 period was found high, 116.6 boys/100 girls (CI: 109.7 – 123.5). The SRB was at 117 boys/100 girls among the first born children. Among the second children, the SRB was 123 if the previous birth was a girl and 91.4 (CI: 81.8 – 102), which is significantly lower than the normal level, if the previous birth was a boy. Among second born, the chance of being a girl was significantly higher if the first child was a boy. Our findings suggest that in a country with a small family size policy, sex-selective abortion may be used both to have a son and to have a daughter according to the sex of the previous children

This study has chiefly focused on analyzing the child sex ratios in districts of Madhya Pradesh by estimating the number of district wise sex selective abortions in the period of 2004-2011 using indirect methods. Further, the contribution of sex differentials in child mortality and sex–selective abortions to sex imbalance in (0-6) age group is also obtained. The study has found that Prenatal Sex selection appears to have played major role in causing the deterioration observed in child sex ratios in state, Excess female mortality among children contributes only moderately to the deficit of girls. 282850 total missing girls are estimated in state during the period 2004-2011 out of which 184864 (65 %) are contributed by Sex selective Abortions and 97985(35 %) by excess female child mortality. In light of decreasing fertility, developed districts of state having high contribution of Sex Selective Abortions and less developed tribal districts having high contribution of excess female child mortality in total missing girls of state. Analysis found alarming districts where the share of Sex selective abortion is very high (above 90%) so that state should focus on those districts to protect worsening of situation and to save lives of future missing girls and their contribution to society instead become victim of an insensate acts.

This study critically investigates the suitability of United Nations’ composite indices and other related measures – among which the Gender Inequality Index (GII) just released in 2010 – to capture gender inequalities in the context of “highly developed” countries, focusing on the case of Europe. Our results indicate that many of the gender gaps in health and education variables have either vanished or even reversed, thus questioning their appropriateness to capture women’s disadvantage in Europe and inviting to construct region-specific measures. Alternatively, parliamentary representation and labor force participation are variables with large gender gaps that highlight important dimensions where women disadvantage prevails. Different cross-section and cross-time associations between economic growth and gender equality are generally not statistically significant – or at most weakly correlated – at European level. This is basically due to the fact that the gender gaps included in UNDP gender-related indices reached their normatively desirable values long ago, therefore leaving no room for further improvement.