Sexuality and reproductive health

The data for this analysis have been obtained from the project data executed by the population council of India. Total of 6730 male migrant workers were identified and among them 2256 eligible male migrant workers (those migrants had with four or more moves since they left from their home prior to the survey) were only selected for the analysis. To support the data, the researcher re-visited the work place, identified the respondents those who were interviewed with the help of contractors. To understand the risk sexual behavior among different classification of workers. To examine condom use and their associated factors among male migrant workers. To assess the sexually transmitted infections and their related factors among male migrant workers of Tamil nadu. 54.7 percent of them reported that they ever had sex. While analyzing the migrants of various workers classification with those who ever had sex, the percentage of construction workers were found to be less compared to their respective counterparts. Due to the migratory nature of their works, long absence and away from families, multiple sexual partners and low condom use; migrant workers form a high risk group for contracting and spreading HIV/AIDS. Hence, there is an urgent need to educate migrant workers to change their sexual behavior or to adopt safer sex

The paper examines the disparity in reproductive and child health (RCH) care utilization status among districts within the states of India over two periods, namely 2002-2004 and 2007-2008 using data from District Level Household Survey of India. The RCH care utilization status of each district within each state is determined by RCH care index value. The RCH care index for each district is computed based on four RCH care indicators using principal component analysis and aggregation method. The coefficient of variation (CV) is used to assess the degree of disparity in RCH care utilization status among the districts within the states. Results indicate that though disparity in RCH care utilization status among the districts has declined in many states, it continues to be large in some northern and north-eastern states of India. The CV in RCH care index, as of 2007-2008, is lowest in Tamil Nadu (0.035) followed by Kerala (0.047) and highest in Meghalaya (0.451) followed by Manipur (0.446). Efforts should be made to enlarge the use of RCH services in the states where large disparity in RCH services utilization exists among the districts.

This study measures the incidence and intensity of ‘catastrophic’ and impoverishment effect of maternal health care expenditure of households and its socio-economic correlates in urban and rural areas separately. Using data from 60th round of National Sample Survey, we find that urban household spent almost twice that of rural households on maternal health care. A little more than one third households suffered catastrophic payments in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, the head count was greater among illiterate women living in urban areas compared to those living in rural areas. After adjusting out-of-pocket maternal health care expenditure, the poverty in urban and rural areas increased by almost equal percentage points. Increasing education level, higher consumption expenditure quintile and, higher caste of women was associated with increasing odds of impoverishment due to maternal health care expenditure. To reduce maternal health care expenditure induced poverty, the demand-side maternal health care financing programs and policies in future should take into consideration all the costs incurred during prenatal, delivery and postnatal periods and focus not only on those women who suffered catastrophic expenditure and plunged into poverty but also those who forgo maternal health care due to their inability to pay.

Cohort analysis method is an important demographic research method. People who are born in the same year, called a birth cohort, who married in the same year called a birth marry cohort , or students graduated in the same year, and so on. This article according to the China 1990 born cohort, analysis the situation of this born cohort in the fifth census and sixth census, through comparison cohort analysis concluded the quality of data, thereafter analysis causes of exists differences. To guarantee correctly to utilization census data, avoid low quality data caused to scientific research. Found in the process of analyzing the data there is a significant relationship between age specific sex ratio and total population sex ratio, and use this formula for decomposition of sex ratio at birth and the elderly population sex ratio influence on total sex ratio of the population. It is concluded that the aging of population is the main factors to reduce our country's population sex ratio, but not the birth population sex ratio in the leading role.

By using the third round of National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-III) the study tries to bring out the differentials of maternal health care challenges among urban poor and non-poor women in India. Bivarite and multivariate analysis has done and a separate wealth index has developed by using PCA method from a set of household economic proxies for urban areas to define urban poor and non-poor. Preliminary result shows a large inequality prevail in utilization of antenatal care and skilled birth assistance by economic status of women. It is also found that urban non-poor women visit more ANC check up than poor, which is also observed for receiving TT injection, consuming IFA tablets and use of delivery care services. Urban poor mothers were significantly at disadvantageous position relatively than non-poor urban mothers in India. Urban non-poor women are more likely to use public and private health care centres for their delivery purpose as compare to urban poor and this differential prevails because of high cost of health facility. From the study it can be conclude that maternal and delivery care services needs more specific policy implementation to reduce inequalities and inaccessibility in use of health care services in India.

Background: The Vietnamese Government sets clear goals to increase universal access to sexual reproductive healthcare (SRH), particularly at the primary health level-commune health stations (CHSs). However, CHSs are under-utilized due to perceived poor service quality. To strengthen CHSs’ ability to deliver SRH services, Marie Stopes International Viet Nam and local partners implemented a partial social franchise model called “tinh chi em” (Sisterhood).

Objective: Social franchising is aimed at increasing service utilization, especially SRH services; enhancing clinical quality and improving users’ perceptions of services.

Results: “Tinh chi em” successfully franchised 220 CHSs in five provinces between 2007 and 2011. In the first year, service utilization at franchised CHSs increased by four-fold, and SRH consultations increased by five-fold. There was a positive correlation between franchised CHS membership with the improvement in community’s perception of service quality . Client satisfaction level increased significantly at franchised CHSs at first and second follow-up survey .

Conclusion: A partial franchise enables the utilization of existing public health system to increase SRH service delivery at the local level which can potentially reduce the burden on provincial/ central hospitals.

This paper attempts to study the influence of son preference of women on contraceptive use and the risk of having a subsequent birth(s) in Empowered Action Group (EAG) states and India. A modified Arnold (1985) Index was applied to District Level Health Survey (DLHS, 2007-08) data to estimate the extent of son preferences. It was estimated that if son preference was completely eliminated, contraceptive acceptance would increase by approximately 10 percent and sterilization by 18 percent in the India. Increase of contraceptive use in the absence of son preference in high fertility states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh by more than 16 percent point will help to reduce the overall population growth. In all EAG states women who don’t have any son, intend to have another child. However, if women are having at least one son then the future intention to have another child reduces drastically.

The traditional contraceptive users among higher educated women are considerably higher than the lower educated women in Sri Lanka during 1993 to 2006-07. This study attempts to examine the factors influencing the reliance on traditional contraceptive methods among educated women in Sri Lanka. The study uses data from the SLDHS 2006-07 and qualitative in-depth interviews. Fear on side effects of modern contraceptive methods and building up the strong confidence on traditional contraceptive methods are found as main factors of influencing the use of traditional contraceptive methods. Lack of time in using modern contraceptive methods and fewer frequency of sexual intercourse are also found as other factors. Since some misbelieves on modern contraceptive methods among educated women were found, several policy implications such as strengthening the family planning counselling targeting the educated women, introducing institutionalized awareness programmes on contraceptive technologies for working women and promoting awareness programme on family planning through media are described. The importance of disseminating proper education on modern contraceptive use among educated women is highlighted in order to maintain the replacement level fertility which supports for the country’s development.

One of the problems in monitoring maternal mortality is lack of reliable estimates. Several studies have provided estimates of maternal mortality from pregnancy related deaths on South Africa utilizing Census and survey data but these estimates have have methodological weaknesses. This study re-examines maternal mortality from pregnancy related deaths at national and provincial levels in South Africa and provides insight into the causes of the maternal mortality deaths.

Data from the 2001 census, 2007 Community survey and death registrations were utilised. Information on household deaths including pregnancy related deaths were collected. Direct and indirect methods were utilised to estimate maternal mortality ratio.
The results indicate that maternal mortality ratio increased from around 150 per 100,000 live births in 1992-1998 to about 764 per 100,000 live births in 2007 and ranged from 102 per 100,000 live births in the Western Cape Province to 1,639 in the Eastern Cape Province in 2007. Maternal infections and parasitic diseases as well as other maternal diseases complicating pregnancy, childbirth and the peurperium are the major causes.
Despite strategies to improve maternal and child health, maternal mortality is increasing and remains a public health challenge in South Africa.

The objective of this paper is to understand the extent to which longer intervals between births of order two and three are indicators of failure to implement reproductive preferences in a context of declining fertility among less developed countries, mainly to Brazil, Bolivia and Colombia, where women with intermediate parity (three children) present, in the 2000s, a significantly higher birth intervals (BI) between orders two and three than between the first and second child, and the former is quite close to the BI of women who had only two children. This difference may help to understand issues such as efficient use of contraception, unwanted fertility and implementation of reproductive preferences in the region, since the ideal number of children oscillates around 2.0. The focus are women 35 years and older in these three countries in the 2000s, segmented by household area and schooling. For this purpose, we will make a descriptive analysis of the variables related to unwanted fertility using data from the DHS alike surveys. With the obtained results, we intended to show that women who suffer from unwanted fertility are not so much those with high parity and who live on the edge of society, but even those with low parity (three children) and are socially privileged.