Trends in skilled migration: causes and consequences

Falling fertility leading to population ageing is causing serious labour shortages in developed nations. Further, globalization, needs of knowledge economy and compulsion to maintain international competitiveness are fueling skilled migration. Question arises what role skilled migration can play in moderating effects of population ageing and maintaining competitiveness of knowledge economies as well as provide direct and indirect benefits to sending nations. This study explores these issues through quantitative and qualitative field data collected from Indian skilled professionals working in Singapore in various sectors. Importance of study lies in the fact that India skilled migrants play very a very important role in Singapore and to the best of knowledge of researcher; this is the only study on them based on field data. The findings show that demographic constraint faced by Singapore and its need to attract foreign talent along with India‘s advantages in supplying cost effective globally competent manpower provides strong complementarities between two countries which are being exploited for mutual gain, particularly in a regional cooperation framework. Skilled Indian migrants are also contributing to home country through remittances, skills transfer, new technology and new ideas, and institutional development.

Previous research has provided evidence of positive educational selection into South-North migration flows, showing that immigrants to developed countries tend to be more educated than non-migrants in their home countries. However, we know little about whether and how educational selectivity operates in other types of migration flows. This study tests whether theories of educational selectivity apply to a growing South-South migration flow: intraregional migration in South America. Using census data from three large receiving countries in South America (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) and the corresponding major South American sending countries, we assess whether immigrants are more or less educated than non-migrants in their home countries and analyze if and how educational selectivity varies by gender, receiving country, country of origin, and labor market characteristics. Preliminary findings suggest that most intraregional migrants in South America are positively selected on education, but that the degree of selectivity varies by gender, country of origin, and labor market characteristics.

Developed countries compete to attract and retain high-skilled immigrants. Canada implemented in 1967 a points system to select immigrants in terms of their skills, experience and demographic characteristics. Multiculturalism as a policy aims at integrating immigrants into Canadian society. The presence of dissatisfaction among the foreign-born challenges these policies and even more so if those dissatisfied are the high-skilled. How immigrants assess their experience in Canada will impact emigration, settlement patterns, future immigration, and ultimately, social cohesion and national identity. Who are those dissatisfied after six months and after for years? Is dissatisfaction the result of unrealistic expectations of the immigration experience? How do indicators of integration relate to changes in satisfaction? How do these relationships differ by motivations for migration and entry status? The paper studies changes on immigrant self-rated satisfaction with the experience in the first four years upon arrival using the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. The descriptive analysis of differences in satisfaction by type of expectations, time spent and entry status is followed by Logistic Fixed Effects Models studying the relationship of changes in satisfaction with economic, social and institutional integration.

This work aims to guide discussions on the return of highly qualified people in Latin America, with evidence to identify potential opportunities offered by the current crisis. Among the consequences of the crisis on skilled migration has dominated the view of host countries about making and maintaining protectionist quotas to favor the recovery of economic activity and innovation. We discuss the importance of skilled migration for development in Latin America, raising the issue of the return, a process while an alternative policy. Conditions are examined of return in the U.S. and Spain and, based on census information in the countries of Latin America, quantifies and describes the profile of highly qualified people who have returned in recent years. We analyze the return policy debate in Latin America, in particular as it relates to this workforce, and it uses census microdata from 7 countries conducted their census in the 2010 round. The findings identify the size and characteristics of the return qualified and return policy debate. Proposals are made to contribute to the research and design of appropriate policies.

The economic situation in Egypt is aggravated by socio-political “deficits”, the freedom deficit, the women’s empowerment deficit and a lack of access to knowledge and education. The prospects for long-term economic growth are further threatened by the non-sustainable management of the environment and natural resources.
It is here that, The EU is representing a huge economical and political power as well as a special entity that does not drive its power from its inner characteristics only but also from its influence on the external region. The long history of this entity affects the neighbouring countries mainly developing countries among which Egypt exists.
And since the process of decision making in the EU reflects in the first place the benefits of the domestic citizen and which was covered intensely by literature and debate, it also has an external impact and influence on the neighbouring region which is a subject of controversy which needs a further intensified research specially towards the developing countries, and more precisely towards the south of the Mediterranean.
Also, The process of decision making and the resulting policies certainly will carry lots of positive and negative impacts that need to be studied, especially on sustainable development efforts in general and on migration: causes & consequences and

Human capital formation by Pakistani women in Germany (as compared to Pakistani men)
Human capital is formed by investment in education, training, and knowledge. Education plays a vital role in raising the income of a person. We cannot deny the reality of investment in female’s education. Now-a-days government of Pakistan and International organizations like (DAAD) is offering scholarships to male and female students for going abroad, especially in Germany, in order to increase this asset. 44.7 percent of total Pakistani migrants are females. Many Pakistani women also have migrated internationally to join husbands or fathers, only few of them migrate for jobs. There is an increasing migration trend among Pakistani males for the purpose of education and work. The Pakistani women’s in Germany are receiving better on-job-training and exposure to work in an international community. This training brings a positive attitude toward taking up jobs in Pakistan. After having studied or worked in an international environment, Pakistani males also show a more positive and polite attitude towards female labour market participation. Education of father, mother and spouse has a positive effect on the education of their children.

In this research I analyze the effects the 2008 economic crisis had on the economic integration of highly educated immigrants in the United States. The situation described in this paper is that of the best situated immigrant group (highly skilled) in a poor context of reception (deep economic crisis). While it is predictable that low educated immigrants would do poorly during an economic crisis, it is not obvious what will happen to those well educated. Will they also be more affected than the native born? The results of this research show that racial/ethnic characteristics and type of education are important explanatory factors for how highly skilled foreign born evolved through crisis. Further analyses reveal that the economic depression affected significantly the unemployment rates, but not the wages of foreign born skilled workers relatively to the general native born and within the same racial group.

This paper seeks to explain the exigencies of a crystallizing ‘culture of exile’ among Nigerian youths. It examines the lures and motivation of training as a nurse among these youth as a direct result of the fortunes of nurses’ migration abroad and the trends these have produced over time in the local society. It shows how a society’s significant population, especially the young females, with their families’ encouragement and peer influence, take to the nursing profession with the aim of migration to the developed economies for better opportunities. It further reveals how the everyday living of each hopeful migrant was a ‘life in transit’, in pursuance of the ultimate fantasy of future travel. The paper also notes three important implications of this development: an emerging change in traditional worldviews on gender roles,reinforcement of horizontal inequalities and the further impoverishment of the society’s medical systems due to the continuous brain drain.

This paper aims to present the trends registered for skilled migration to the US for the period 1980-2010 and assess the driving forces of its evolution assessing the effects of the changes that took place in the origin countries.
First, we describe the magnitude of the flow and the intensity through the analysis of skilled migration rates. Skilled migrants are identified through the analysis of the stock of foreigners enumerated in the US in the American census data of the waves carried out between 1980 and 2000, complementing this information with the American Community Survey 2010.
Second, we assess the determinants of the skilled emigration to the US through a multivariate analysis, accounting for the economic, political and social factors that explain this outflow from the perspective of the countries of origin (push). In this last case the focus is driven to assess the changes observed in migration intensity along the last thirty years from a multivariate longitudinal approach.
Descriptive and multivariate analyses are performed to explain the changes in skilled migration outflows to the US in the period of analysis. We attempt to explore the question of the determinants of skilled migration by modeling five-year accumulated flow of skilled migrants from origin countries to the US between 1980 and 2010

The purpose of this study is to find out reasons and outcomes of migration of highly skilled personnel from developing to developed countries with a focus on Pakistan. The study will try to look at possible reasons of migration of highly qualified persons from Pakistan (that is investing huge amount of money on human capital formation), economic and socio-economic impacts of migration of highly qualified persons on origin country and Possible economic and socio-economic impacts of migration of highly qualified persons on receiving country Data is collected from old and new PhDs from all over the Pakistan using survey questionnaire. The sample size constitutes around 500 PhDs from all over the Pakistan. Stratified sampling technique is employed to collect data. The study employs advanced econometric techniques based on micro data to estimate the effect of numerous factors that can influence in migration and possible migration of these highly skilled personnel.