The economics of population ageing

The aim of the present work is to analyze the contributive aspect of the Algerian protection system, the increasing of the social law according more benefits to the population without increasing in financial resources of the system, otherwise the increasing of the informal employment without increasing in the social coverage of economically active population, generate an important shortfall to the social funds and a low rate of pension coverage to the elderly, face to this, the state intervene by the means of its social budget to compete the coverage and subsidize the social security funds, in this work, we will try to estimate the share of the social budget of the state as we will estimate the social contribution for the social protection system in the global incomes in order to know if the Algerian protection system is contributive ( bismarckian) or not ( beveridgian).
Key words: Algerian social protection system, pension system, beveridgian VS bismarckian system, contributive incomes social budget of the state.
COD JEL: B10, B13, C62, D61, D63.

This study investigates how socio-demographic indicators impact on well-being at old age in Nigeria. This is essential in order to improve the preparation for old age. Reliable information is also required to formulate comprehensive social security system for the elderly. Quantitative data were collected through individual-based questionnaire. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select local government areas, enumeration areas and individuals for the study. In all, 200 respondents were interviewed. The study found that in terms of education, more than a quarter of the respondents with high education have better economic wellbeing. Level of education is statistically related to level of satisfaction with old age wellbeing. Among the females, less than one-fifth of the respondents reported satisfaction with old age economic wellbeing. Type of family is somewhat statistically related to elderly persons’ economic wellbeing. This underscores the inadequacy of their income from pension. In conclusion, the idea that old-age security and well being in Nigeria should remain the primary responsibility of the family is untenable. Government must assume the primary responsibility in a partnership in which the family also continues to play a significant role.

Analyses of poverty are rarely disaggregated by age. This paper’s novelty lies in examining poverty rate among older persons, considering individual and household variables. It further examines variables associated with poverty, specifically framing the analyses within the context of economic disparity in the province. Three districts are selected and analyzed separately derived from the 2002 Indonesian National Socio-economic Survey. A formula is used to estimate the rate and severity of poverty. Logistic regression model is used. Our findings suggest that elderly poverty rate varies among the districts with the lowest (5%) occurring in the highly urbanized district of Surabaya, while the rate is much higher in others (22.2% in Pacitan, and 22.8% in Malang). Age, sex, marital status, education, living arrangement, and social participation are significant. Household variables (such as the size of household, asset ownership, and whether the household is the target of poverty alleviation policy) are also significant. In urban area, those living with children are more likely to be poorer than those without children. Yet, in less urbanized areas, those with children are less likely to be poorer than those without children.

To understand and to measure the economic pressure caused by population ageing is a great difficulty in demography. Moreover, whether and how population ageing can be effectively intervened and regulated is a common concern and debatable issue among the policy makers and demographers. This paper is going to make a probe into these issues with China as an example. By adopting innovative approaches, the author makes quantitative analysis and international comparative study of the economic pressure of population ageing of China between 1980 and 2050. On the basis of these studies, this research tries to explore the necessity, feasibility and a possible path to regulate China’s economic pressure of population ageing by relying on its birth control policy.

The approach adopted in this research to measure the economic pressure of population ageing is the Ageing and Economics Coordination Index (AECI for short) proposed by the author in 2009. The conception of the AECI has made the economic pressure of population ageing quantifiable and comparable.

The data of this research are generally quoted from the World Bank, the United Nations, and the 2010 national census of China.

This study will contribute to a better understanding of the unique “China Paradigm” in population ageing.

Population growth and an increasingly youthful age structure have characterized the largest part of history; whereas the deceleration of population growth and an aging population are relatively recent phenomena. Experiences how countries are able to cope with, and address an aging population are relatively limited, and fear of an aging population and associated economic and social consequences are perhaps understandingly widespread. The fears of an aging population are by and large related to economic challenges. Will population aging negatively affect economic output and lead to deflation? Can they pay adequate pensions? Can they cope with rising health care expenditures? Will policy responses inevitably place a burden on the elderly or the younger generations? This paper argues that the fear of population aging is often based on a partial economic analysis, which focuses on the level of households, and that the challenges are considerably less daunting if viewed from a macroeconomic perspective. In most countries it the establishment of functioning pension systems and the provision of social protection is a question of political consensus rather than economic capacity. However, some countries, especially the world's least developed, confront t challenges.