The effects of migration and remittances on areas of origin

The importance of remittance is well known. The aim of this paper is to find out characteristics of internal and international migrants who send remittances, to find out influence of remittances on household income and understand use pattern of remittance by receiving households. To achieve above objectives data are derived from National Sample Survey of conducted during 2007-08 and India Human Development Survey of 2005. Both surveys are large scale survey conducted all over country on representative sample basis. From these sources information on age, sex, place of origin and destination, amount of remittances and use pattern are analyzed.

The analysis uses information on out-migrants who moved within and outside country. The results shows large volumes of out-migrants are internal but remittances received from emigrants are much higher. The mobility among lower social groups is less and similarly less amount of remittances. The higher economic group reported higher mobility rate within and outside country. The remittance increases with increase in economic status of households. The analysis of these two survey shows that benefit of migration in India is reaped by socially and economically better off. High proportion of household reported spending on food items followed by education and health care.

Abstract:
Migration is one of the processes of development. But when the people do migrate, due to some distress from the areas of origin to the place of destination, it may be auger well for that region. This is happening now in today’s world, the people are forced to migrate due to economic and social constraint. Migrant labors do make enormous contributions to the Indian economy through major sectors such as construction, textiles, small industries, brick-making, stone quarries, mines, fish and prawn processing and hospitality services. This paper objective is to study the impact of migration of labor out of agriculture to other non agricultural sector. This also examines the association between agricultural productivity (production, input, cropping pattern, land utilization) and seasonal labor out migration via remittance, migration and inequality at the place of origin. To understand their working and living conditions of left behind particularly women, children and old people. These papers also try to examine the present and future implications of large scale out-migration of agricultural laborers particularly from rural areas to urban space and to find out policy implication in the context of migration and agriculture.

Although there is substantial existing research on the relationships between labor migration and children's schooling, this research typically has emphasized the migrant versus non-migrant dichotomy. Labor migrants, however, are a diverse group: depending on their skills, networks, and available opportunities, some are economically more successful than others. In this paper, we examine the association between diverse conceptualizations of male labor migration and an important family outcome: the discontinuation of children’s schooling. The setting for our analyses is rural southern Mozambique, an area characterized by massive male labor migration, mainly to South Africa. The data come from a multi-wave panel study that has been monitoring rural women's reproductive health and well-being, their children's schooling, and their experience with male labor migration since 2006. We examine male migration success and accrued migration experience, and find that both are positively associated with children's schooling.

Context: Studies on economic well-being and use of remittances are often limited to international migration and less on internal migration. But the remittances flow within and among the states of India is large and often linked to the diversity in demographic and socio-economic development. Though the issue of remittances is central to internal migration in India, there is no study that systematically examines the economic gain and use of remittances in states of India.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine the economic wellbeing and spending behavior of households that receive remittances and those who do not receive remittances in states of India.
Data and Methods: The unit data from 64th round, schedule 10.2 of National Sample Survey 2007-08 that covered employment, unemployment and migration particulars of 125,578 households in the country is used in the analyses. The households are classified into two groups; remittances receiving and non-remittances household based on the receipt of remittances from migrant member of the households in one year prior to survey. Economic wellbeing is measured in terms of monthly percapita consumer expenditure and pattern of household spending on food, education, health and consumer durables. The average and marginal spending behavior are compared for remittances receiving

Globalization has changed the flow of migrants and remittances making them more fluid, and much attention has been paid to the relation between remittances and developments around the world. Today there are more than 50 million Latinos living in the United States, 63% of which are Mexicans. They remit money to their families in Mexico and their financial support is crucial not only for the family budget but also for the Mexican economy. Besides, Mexican migrants form communities in the U.S. with people from the same province expanding their transnational networks and they send collective remittances to their hometowns. Furthermore, a social development-community project, the “3x1 Program” is promoted by Mexico’s Social Development Ministry (SEDESOL) cooperating with three levels of Mexican government: federal, state, and municipal. It is a unique phenomenon that communities of Mexican migrants in the U.S. send collective remittances to invest in development for their native towns maintaining their identities. The main objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the remittances from migrants in Mexico and the function of this program with remittances as a community development tool.

The strong economic ties between the GCC economies and the US are manifested in three ways: currency peg, coupling of monetary policy and the adoption of the US dollar as the trading currency for oil. This paper examines how these dynamics result in misalignment of the US monetary policy with the business cycles of the GCC economies. The study shows how the staggering amount of remittance outflows of the GCC economies plays a stabilizing role as a tacit monetary policy tool. Incorporating remittances in the money demand equation results in a more robust model than otherwise.

Today, in the era of globalisation Indian diasporic population is one of the major contributing populations in the world’s workforce. International migration is an ever- growing phenomenon that has important development implication for both sending and receiving countries. For sending country, migrant’s remittances leading the increased income, poverty reduction, improved health and education outcomes, and promote economic development. This paper mainly examine the role of Indian immigrates in GCCs and their remittances in the context of development impact of place of origin countries i.e. India. It is estimated by the Govt of India, 25 million Indian diasporic populations are living across the different of world. It constituted as NRI, PIO, and OCI. Out of them approximately 6 million are working as skilled and semi-skilled/unskilled labourer in the gulf region. About 95 per cent them are belonging semi-skilled and unskilled workers. GCCs countries are the main contributing source of this remittance India rather than other. Among the world’s top 20 countries in terms of receiving remittances, India stands the first position in 2010. This paper also analysed the state wise Indian emigrants’ data as well as the trend of Indian migrants’ communities in the Gulf countries.

The study investigates the socioeconomic and demographic causes and consequences of irregular migration of youth from southern Ethiopia to South Africa. The sample includes 658 eligible young adults aged 15 to 50. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was carried out on Feb. 2010. Data are gathered from four randomly selected local districts and then households from two zones in southern Ethiopia using questionnaire, interviews and discussions. The irregular migration is dominated by young single male aged 20 to 34. The majority of the smuggled migrants are first or second born children. Age, residence and employment status have a significant positive association with migration while sex, marital status, education, duration of residence and birth order have a significant negative association. Household size and ethnicity are found to be insignificant. Over 44% of the respondents view the main cause for the irregular migration to be perceived better opportunities in South Africa and only 8% of them claimed poverty. The migration is facilitated by a network of smugglers in Addis Ababa, Hossana or other towns in Ethiopia and they work in cooperation with several smugglers from Kenya and Somalia. Return migrants are better off now than before migration. Many of the smuggled migrants faced harsh & unexpected negative consequences.

This study will address various aspects in migrant background, cultural propensity, and community sense of the married immigrant women in Korean rural society. Also using indicator such as fertility rate, median age, productive population, and willingness-to-pay(WTP) of multicultural expense for sustainable rural society, this study calculates the effect caused by influx of Women immigrating from Asia to Korean rural for Marriage. To calculate the WTP index the Contingent Valuation Method is used.

In situations where the unemployment rate continues to rise, Indonesia benefits of sending workers abroad. Besides being able to solve the problem of unemployment, sending migrant labor may also increase the welfare of migrant families and provide foreign exchange. Along the way, sending Indonesian workers abroad raises many questions relating to the issue of economic and non-economic. This paper examines the phenomenon of international migration in Indonesia is associated with the impact on the country's economy in the context of the international economy.
Percentage of foreign exchange (remittances) from international migrants continues to increase the consumption and Gross Domestic Product. In the period of the 2000s, the percentage of foreign exchange (remittances) from international migrant household consumption on average by 2.76 percent, while the Gross Domestic Product of an average of 1.84 percent. But in 2005's, the percentage of foreign exchange earnings from international migrants to consumption and Gross Domestic Product decreased, but the percentage decline was still on the percentage of foreign exchange remitance.