The effects of migration and remittances on areas of origin

This paper will focus in the complex relation between Nation(s) and Algerian Diaspora(s) in France. It will argue that Diaspora(s) interacts problematically both with French and Algerian societies and identities. In so doing, it (trans)forms Alternative Narratives on Nation. This is clear in the context of reconfiguration of identity in Algeria after the Civil War. So it is in the current context: Even if the Arab Spring has not produced as radical change in Algeria as in other countries, it has nonetheless provoked a surge of public debates and manifestations both in Algeria and France. A serious consideration demonstrates the constant inter-action of Diaspora with Algerian politics and formation of alternative narratives on Nation(s). The first section will be based on an ethnographic fieldwork in two cities of origin (Algiers and Bejaia from June to September 2009) and destination (Marseilles, May to August 2007) of Algerian Diaspora in France. Even if the "Life Stories" obtained in the fieldwork will be the centre of Analyses, We'll complement it with the lhe last section in wich we will apply discourse analysis to debates on National Reconciliation - made by Algerian Officials and Bi-national Press and Diaspora-associations' spokespersons. This will demonstrate the political presence of Diaspora in the national Arena

Migration has been adopted as a significant livelihood strategy for poor households in several regions of India and the hilly part of the state of Uttarakhand is no exception to this. Hence, the paper expounds the socio-economic and demographic characteristics by type of households i.e. households with out-migrant males who have left their wives behind and households with non-migrant males staying with their wives. The diagnostic statistics allows seeing whether there exists a significant difference in the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the two groups under study. At the household level, the income, savings and investments are higher for the households with out-migrant husbands than households with non-migrant husbands. The mean monthly per capita expenditure is also higher for the former category of the households than the latter. Higher percentages of households with left-behind wives live in pucca houses, have electricity, have source of drinking water within their premises and own pit toilet than households of wives with non-migrant husbands. In line with the findings with housing and economic conditions, the wealth index reveal that the households with out-migrant husbands have better economic conditions as compared to the households with non-migrant husbands.

The study analysed labour emigration from Nepal and estimated its effects on poverty reduction and agricultural growth. Using secondary data it compares agricultural output elasticities of foreign employment and assesses the role of foreign employment on the relationships between growth, poverty and agricultural development. The growth of the labour emigration follows a polynomial function of degree two with positive coefficients of second and first degrees. The major destinations of the Nepalese labour force are Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. Econometric models are employed at the sectoral level to establish the effects of migration on poverty and agricultural production. The results show that every million increase in the remittance inflow decreases the poverty head count by 0.007 percent, but every labourer emigrated reduces agricultural gross output by NRs 18,000. The results will be useful for devising sound policies on migration, poverty and agricultural development. The migration can be encouraged till it takes away the surplus labour from the economy and increases labour productivity without creating labour scarcity in the domestic production. Policy of increasing labour productivity at the domestic industries can increase the domestic wage rate that can ration the labour migration.

Whilst studies have shown that migration is often undertaken as a livelihood strategy amongst transnational families in Southeast Asia, little has been explored concerning the role and implications of debt on patterns of everyday remittance use. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data from the CHAMPSEA (Child Health and Migrant Parents in Southeast Asia) study in Thailand and Vietnam, this paper seeks to unpack the relationship between debt, remittance use, and migration as a strategy of poverty alleviation. Although the results from our survey indicated that a significant proportion of actual remittance use planned for uses such as children’s education, house building or subsistence needs was diverted towards debt repayment, a closer look at the qualitative data revealed a more complicated picture concerning the nature of debt in two distinct but overlapping ways: debt as entrapment (whereby debt is perpetuated as a vicious cycle of poverty); and debt as strategy (whereby the household undertakes deliberate decisions to purchase material investments through instalment loans). These findings emphasise the complex nature of migration, whilst highlighting the need for studies on migration and development to incorporate a more nuanced understanding of debt concerning household decision-making practices and remittance use.

International remittances sent back to the homeland by migrant workers have an enormous impact on the economic growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. Remittances also serve as an important source of foreign exchange reserves for developing countries. In a handful of developing countries, remittances from emigrants account for more than 10 percent of the GDP. Bangladesh is the fifth highest remittance-earning country in the world. In 2005, 6.0 percent of the GDP in Bangladesh came from remittances.
The impact of remittances may vary between and within the developing countries. There have been a lot of studies to examine the impact at the national level but none has scrutinized the impact within the country. This paper examines the impact of remittances within the country and on the rural-urban differentials in Bangladesh. Our analyses will concentrate on identifying the following: (1) the proportion of the remittances that is used for basic consumption goods, housing, education and health care; (2) the proportion that is used for capital investments; and (3) the proportion that is used for loan payments

The paper overviews international remittances receipts by the households and the practices relating to their end-use at the places of origin in rural Punjab. It also examines the role remittances in leveraging the household consumption, investment as well as the local area development. It focuses on remittances for family maintenance and community empowerment. The effect of family remittances (or the migrant worker’s remittances) is examined at the household level. Based on data from a recent survey of 6,500 households, the paper finds that a large section of the households were utilizing remittances for day-to-day household expenses and repayment of outstanding debts. Use of remittances for human development inputs such as education and health was also sizeable. However, insignificant share of households used the remittance for financing of the migration of family members or relatives abroad and for holding of gold, etc. Remittance use was affected by class and class hierarchies with relatively less affluent households receiving regular finance from foreign and using them for more immediate needs. The results also include a link between community remittance and the local area development where large chunk of humanitarian efforts are for religious benevolence, education, recreation, health and rural infrastructure.

This paper aims to understand the effects of south-south remittances on the sending areas in two countries in Latin America, Bolivia and Paraguay. We provide a description of the changing patterns of sending and receiving remittances in the south of Latin America considering different moments in the decade, 2005 and 2010. The paper present a detailed analysis of the effects of remittances on labor force participation and investment in order to discuss the relationship among development, remittances and migration circuits in the south of Latin America. We use a nationally-representative household data set from Bolivia and Paraguay. Analytical work on the impact of remittances is complex due to the intrinsic endogeneity and selection bias involved in decisions surrounding migration and remittances. To meet these various methodological challenges we perform propensity score matching.

The purpose of this study is to understand how out-migration at the household level affects the decision to transition from farming to non-farming in the context of Chitwan, Nepal, between 1996 and 2006. Education, land size, environmental threat, and perceptions on environment are considered as moderating factors. Out-migration is expected to increase the likelihood of the transition in that financial and social remittances brought by migration would make a household to invest more in non-farming under certain conditions. Out-migration is measured at each month since February, 1996 until 2006. Two main measurements of migration at household level are tested: total duration and number of migrants. Preliminary multilevel analysis results indicate that migration has positive effect on the transition out of farming. The perception on water quality and the distance to the off-farm opportunities have significant effects on the transition as well.

Many Ugandans live abroad and Uganda depends on money sent by people living abroad. Data from the survey on Migrant Remittances to Uganda, 2010 is used to empirically investigate the role of remittances on the educational attainment of Ugandan Children. The study examines children and household characteristics and assesses the probability of school enrollment. Years of schooling as well as literacy levels completed between children whose households report receiving remittances and those that do not are analyzed. Tentative results are suggestive that remittances play an important role for poor households in alleviating budget constraints. These support the view that budget challenges play an important role in household decisions on children’s education.

This paper examines the repercussions of international migration on children’s time allocation in households at origin. We focus on children of age 7 to 12 and distinguish three activities: market work, French school attendance, and enrollment in Medersa (Arab/Islamic traditional school). In our analysis, we account for heterogeneities in migration constraints considering differences in migration destinations and the number of migrants within households. We instrument for migration using policy and governance facets in destination countries, precisely France, Spain, and Italy. Results show that – after controlling for endogeneity – migration has a positive and significant impact on enrollment in French curriculum school. However, once we account for the destination of the migrant, this positive and significant impact is only verified in households with migrants in Europe. We also note that when the number of migrants within a household increases, children of age 7 to 12 are less likely to attend French school and they are more likely to be involved in paid work activities. We draw evidence from the 2009 Senegalese household survey on migration and remittances (Enquête Ménage sur la Migration et les Transferts de Fonds).