The effects of migration on areas of destination

A national representative Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS), 2011 data has used for study the socioeconomic characteristics of the Nepalese migration within Nepal, India, GCC countries and other countries and also tries to see the impact on housing facilities, household status, wealth status, education and food security. This data collected information on migration among individuals who lived in the interviewed households in the past 10 years but have since moved away. Preliminary results shows that four fifth of migrants are of age 24 and younger within Nepal while 93 percents migrants above age 20 years and about 42 percents beyond age 30 in GCC countries. Ninety seven percents are male migrated to GCC countries on the other hand within Nepal 58 percents are females. Reason for migration in GCC countries are work only whereas studies are also the reason in other countries besides work. Migrations are largely from rural area and Terai region of Nepal. About 70 percents migrants to GCC countries belong to middle and above wealth quintiles while 75 percents migrants to India are middle and lower quintiles.

Key words: International migrants, household, Nepal, NDHS, GCC countries

This paper first develops a dynamic model of a system of piecewise continuous differential equations to study the simultaneous interactions between three endogenous variables: Capital inflow (FDI), the real wage rate and the net migration flow into a region. Stability of the general model is compared with two special cases of either or both sticky real wages and fixed capital input. We add return migration and possible immobility (no one moves) to the dynamic equation of immigration to fully capture the determinants of net migration. Empirically, we apply this general model with Cobb-Douglas production and calibrate it for Guangdong over 1990-2010, a fast growing province with the highest volume of net migration flow in China. We claim three contributions: this paper is the first theoretical and empirical one to study these simultaneous interactions and innovates by recognising the inherent regime shifts due to migration costs and two way migration; we find that the wage elasticity plays a crucial role for stability condition; the results of calibration indicate that regions in Guangdong are heterogeneous but with positive simultaneous interactions between those three endogenous variables. Some policy implications and further research directions are also suggested.

There have been significant levels of migration from the Caribbean to Europe and North America since the 1880s, and although we now know that health profiles of Caribbean migrants differ depending on the country they migrated to, whereby black Caribbean people in the US have better health than their English counterparts, there is a dearth of knowledge on how migrants shape the areas where they settle, and how these, in turn, affect their health. This study analysed two cross-sectional nationally representative surveys, in the US and in England, to contrast the association between two measures of neighbourhood residential concentration (black and Caribbean) and health and experienced racism among Caribbean people. Results of multilevel logistic regressions show that in the US increased Caribbean residential concentration was associated with improved health and decreased experienced racism, but the opposite was observed in England. On the other hand, increased black residential concentration was associated with improved health and decreased experienced racism of Caribbean English but not of Caribbean Americans. Findings show how the social construction of race and ethnicity differs depending on the country migrants arrive to, and the association that these different racialised identities have on neighbourhood effects on health.

In times of economic downturns, the migrants’ workers in the developed countries bear a disproportionate risk of losing their job. Migrants’ labour market prospects are more sensitive to the depression than natives, because of an over-representation in economics sectors or regions directly touched by economic crisis. In general, the employment situation of migrant workers, especially of non-EU countries, deteriorated more rapidly than that of natives during the economic crisis. The education level of immigrant workers in European countries is also an important criterion to consider in analyzing the interactions between economic cycles, migrant workers and the labor market.

This paper analyse the impact of the global economic crisis on migrant workers in Europe. The aim is to investigate whether the impact of the current economic crisis affects non-EU migrant workers, differentiated by skill levels (three levels) and location in the economy, in traditional (France, Germany and United Kingdom) and new immigration countries (Italy, Ireland and Spain), using panel econometric methods.

Previous studies have shown that HIV prevalence rates are relatively high while condom use is low among migrant communities in South Africa (Zuma 2003, Weltz 2007, IOM 2008). This study seeks to investigate factors associated with condom use in selected commercial farms in LImpopo and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. It uses data obtained from the Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (IBBSS) implemented by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) in 2010 among 2810 farm workers. Statistical analyses are done at univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels, the main model to be used being logistic regression. The outcome variable is condom use at the last intercourse while the explanatory variables include sex, age, marital status, financial stability, sexual abuse, access to free condoms, transactional sex and xenophobic experience. Since these factors define migrants vulnerability in the host country, the xepected results are that these factors reduce the likelihood of condom use among migrants. The study seeks to establish how these factors vary in influence between migrant men and women in commercial farms and hence contribute to the ongoing discussion on HIV prevention among migrant communities.

The study examined the impact of internal migration on urban employment in street trading activities among the youth at national level through field work funded by Covenant University Centre for Research and Development (CUCERD), Nigeria. The study locations consist of randomly selected Central Business Districts (CBDs) in three major cities across three geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Data were segregated by two age groups (< 18 years and 18-24 years), and analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The result indicated that migrant youths with lower educational levels will be 0.723 and 0.623 times less likely to experience a change in welfare status compared with those with tertiary education. A daily income level above N2,500 would likely enhance a positive change in welfare status of an average street trader. The study concludes that youth migration and street trading are escape routes from poverty at rural areas, unemployment minimizers, and survival strategy that could possibly inform employment policy in Nigeria.

Key words: Internal migration, youth, employment, street trading

Environmental degradation has severe consequences on the availability of natural resources and may create a huge pressure on human communities security and vulnerability (IPCC; 2007): since globalization has been characterised by an unequal economic development, so, environmental degradation, augmented by climate change, that directly links with the economic growth and the industrialisation jeopardises the lives of the the most vulnerable peoples, namely the indigenous (Kronik and Verner; 2010) and, generally speaking, the women (Enarson; 2000) provoking forced mobility. Recent researches on the link between natural environment depletion and vulnerability focused on developing countries areas (among the others UNDP; 1997 and UNEP; 2009): this choice, far to be neutral, reveals a politic choice, that will be investigated later. For this reason one can recognise that the degradation of the environment is socially and spatially constructed (Lonergan; 1998). I have decided to provide an analysis of human displacements in Italy, in the case of Sarno 1998 landslide to demonstrate how also in Northern countries provoking threats to human health and mobility, and damage to economic sectors such as energy, transport, forestry, agriculture, and tourism (Stern; 2006 and 2008).

MIGRATION AND CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF DEORIS IN ASSAM

Dr. Sujata Deori & Dr. Niranjan Das

Abstract:

The Northeastern Region of India indeed presents a glorious example of diversity which is very well reflected in the mosaic of socio-cultural traits which are followed by myriads of distinct aboriginal tribal communities inhabiting this region. The Deoris amongst them are no exception to this rule. It is only about a century ago that they moved to their present settlements, and some of them still occasionally visit Sadiya for religious purposes (Gait, 1905). The term ‘Deori’ is attached to the religious or priestly functionaries of various tribal as well as non-tribal communities of Assam. At present, Deoris are mostly found in the eight districts of upper and middle Assam and in some pockets of Lohit and Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh. The paper entitled ‘Migration and Socio-Cultural Transformation of Deoris in Assam’ analyses the causes of migration and consequent socio-cultural changes of Deoris that were firmly practiced in the pre- independent period.
Key Words: Migration, Community, cultural assimilation, cultural transformation

Segregation literature typically assumes that the urban districts with a high share of immigrant population are the most deprived areas in cities from where some people escape and where others are trapped. In our study, we analyse the residential preferences among the host (Estonian) and minority (Russian-speaking) population in Tartu, a medium-sized post-Soviet city, by comparing the revealed preferences of two major ethnic groups to classical minority and majority segregation models (spatial assimilation, ethnic enclave, white-avoidance explanations). We use the data of a regular municipal surveys from 1998 and 2008 and apply bivariate probit models to demonstrate how the attitudes towards the ethnicity and wealth of potential neighbors form preferences. Most importantly, the results demonstrate that although the residential preferences towards ethnicity and socioeconomic status are interrelated decisions, both choice components also occur independently. People with higher social status among both groups prefer affluent neighborhoods irrespective of ethnic environment. However, irrespective of how wealthy the neighbors are, the Estonian host population has a strong tendency to avoid living together with minorities, whereas minorities, highly segregated in the Soviet period, express readiness for spatial assimilation today.