The effects of migration on areas of destination

Data from the 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 censuses of Canada offer evidence on the migration experience of earlier immigrant cohorts in the five years prior to the census. These censuses provide direct data on interprovincial flows of immigration cohorts during the 1976 to 2006 period. They also provide indirect evidence for the internal redistribution of those immigrants who arrived in Canada between during the five years prior to each census. Regarding the question of whether immigrants tend to concentrate or disperse during their initial year of residence in Canada, these data provide no systematic evidence of dispersion of immigrants throughout the Canadian provinces. Immigrants move more than the Canada-born population during their first 20 years in Canada and, at the provincial level, they tend to stay in provinces in which there are a higher proportion of their immigrant co-ethnics. Analysis of the migratory behaviour of recent immigrant cohorts provides evidence that there are distinct patterns of higher and lower migration for some ethnic origin groups. Moreover, groups vary in their response to the proportion of foreign-born of the same ethnicity.

Many Ugandans live abroad and Uganda depends on money sent by people living abroad. Data from the survey on Migrant Remittances to Uganda, 2010 is used to empirically investigate the role of remittances on the educational attainment of Ugandan Children. The study examines children and household characteristics and assesses the probability of school enrollment. Years of schooling as well as literacy levels completed between children whose households report receiving remittances and those that do not are analyzed. Tentative results are suggestive that remittances play an important role for poor households in alleviating budget constraints. These support the view that budget challenges play an important role in household decisions on children’s education.

Emigration to other countries, particularly to Europe, from Turkey has been going on since the beginning of 1960’s.
Surplus of young population and continuous unemployment problems in the country has been encouraging the tendency of emigration. As a result of this, legal and illegal emigration to other countries is still lasting.
The aim of this study to analyze emigration to other countries from Turkey and find out the economic reasons of it. For this reason, especially, the emigration in Turkey will be shown through statistical data according to the years. Secondly, the reasons for socio-economic conditions which cause the emigration. Third and last section, the economical and social renovation in the source country (Turkey) will be investigated and the impacts on the host countries will also be analyzed.

The objective of this study was to analyze occupational mobility among Spanish immigrants according to two distinct trajectories: a) the first job obtained in Spain respect to the immigrant’s profession in the country of origin; b) current occupational status compared to the occupational status of the first job held in Spain. In this study we analyzed the situations of the labor market of men (with a strong presence of the construction industry) and women (jobs predominately available for domestic help). We focused our analysis on immigrants who arrived in Spain during the “immigration boom” (1997-2007). The source of the data we used was the National Survey on Immigration 2007. For our analysis we used occupational mobility charts and multi-variable models.
Results point to significant differences in occupational mobility between men and women. The construction industry plays a predominant role for men, acting as a magnet attracting occupational mobility both upward and downward. We observed a higher probability for downward occupational mobility for women, although a significant number of women who were housewives in their country of origin joined the labor market after immigrating. The main factors influencing occupational mobility once living in Spain were found to be length of residence, region of origin, networking, etc.

In order to understand the changing fertility of migrant generations, and its impact on destination countries, previous research has attempted to test migrant fertility convergence. However, the existing literature suffers from numerous conceptual and methodological problems. This paper demonstrates these weaknesses, proposes a new conceptual framework, and then assesses the convergence of migrant generations towards native fertility levels. Completed fertility is estimated for different generations of the UK population using count regression and survey estimation techniques. Unlike previous research, this allows hypotheses to be isolated, and avoids results being confounded due to birth timing differentials.

The results show a narrowing of fertility differentials between migrant and natives for more recent birth cohorts, suggesting fertility adaptation for the first and second generation. However, there is considerable variation by country of origin. Comparisons between generations, for men and women, show evidence of adaptation for Old Commonwealth migrants (and Jamaican women), and cultural entrenchment for Indian and Pakistani migrants. To conclude, the paper discusses the value of this method for informing population projections, and shows the likely influence of these fertility convergence patterns on UK fertility.

Recently, thanks to the increased presence of hot demographical topics on the Internet and the media, demographic themes have become accessible to and enjoyed by a wider public. Among non scientific fields, film production is particularly interesting because it represents a means of communication with a strong cultural impact. The aim of our work is to investigate in what way migration has been represented in a procedure that is not the traditional one of scientific research: following a quantitative approach, we intend to look through the European film production of the last twenty years to see the image of the migrant and of the phenomenon of migration that is transmitted in the destination countries.
The first step was the creation of a specific Database on European films on Migratory topics (EMFD). The second step consisted of carrying out multivariate statistical analysis that showed how the representation of migration is very close to reality.
The work carried out highlights a new perspective for socio-demographic studies, though there still remains the problem of constructing exhaustive qualitative and quantitative databases. The value of this contribution lies in having taken the first step in this direction.

The growing presence of children with immigrant backgrounds in the Italian school system has spurred social scientists to investigate the impact of these children on natives’ performances.
This paper investigates the effects of the increasing number of migrants in schools on the individual educational expectations and aspirations of Italian students attending 8th grade.
Multilevel analyses are performed using data from ITAGEN survey (2005-2006 school years) and from official information of the Italian ministry of education.
Results demonstrate that attending a school with a high share of foreigners has no impact on realistic expectations about secondary education of Italian students, nevertheless it leads to a reduction of their own long term university aspirations.
Moreover, students attending schools where there is higher level of integration (measured as percentage of Italian students with immigrant friends) are more prone to have high short term educational expectations.

German physician’s immigration to Switzerland increased since the ratification of the Agreement on the free movement of persons (FMP) between Switzerland and the EU in 2002.
Since little is known about this migration, our paper raises the question “What are the causes and consequences of the recent immigration of German physicians to Switzerland?” First, we evaluate the main causes of their migration. Second, we analyze the phenomenon’s extent. Particularly, the impact on the age and gender structure of the physician’s population is evaluated. Finally, the consequences, in terms of dependency of the health system on German and foreign physicians as well as integration issues, are shown.
Results show that on the macro-level the Swiss demand for foreign physicians and the absence of geographical, linguistic and legal barriers trigger the German physician’s immigration to Switzerland. On the micro-level, several push and pull factors are divisive.
Between 2002 and 2009, German physicians contributed to the Swiss practicing physician’s population not only in terms of numbers but also in terms of lower mean age and higher proportions of full-time workers.
These contributions are crucial to the good functioning of the Swiss health system by reason of insufficient “internal” medical training and demographic aspects.

This paper analyses correlations between highly qualified migration (HQM) and geographic proximity. The main destines for HQM are the US and some OECD countries, which are also the places that mostly invest in education, research and development and show high purchasing power parity. Some authors explain the economic prosperity in developed countries based on the contribution that migrants make to their multicultural societies. But where do these migrants come from? Do regions (neighbourhood) matter on the international market of competences?
Based on statistic analysis of main countries of destination, I assume that proximity is still is an important factor for professionals who choose to migrate, due to cultural affinities and regional labour agreements that favour free labour movement, among others. People tend to go to where there are good labour opportunities but also to places to which they are geographically and culturally akin. For instance, Europeans tend to choose other European countries when they migrate, Canadians mainly go to the US and a significant number of Americans migrate to Canada or Mexico for a life change. The paper also discusses exceptions to this tendency.

From a geographical perspective, these last decades, Spanish urban areas have constantly expanded. This urban sprawl has broken the traditional compact city model. However, from a demographic point of view, the picture is not as simple as Spanish urban areas have been through a series of growth and stagnation periods with significant spatial differences. This paper firstly intends to describe how the population of Spanish urban areas has increased this last forty years (1970-2011) and then to build, through cluster analysis, a spatial typology grouping urban areas which have similar growth trends. Finally, it analyzes, through factor analysis, the socio-economic causes behind the spatial patterns. 64 urban areas are incorporated to the study. In each of the cases, core city and periphery growth levels have been separately analyzed to enable the construction of an urban growth typology. Descriptive results show that two phenomena, suburbanization and foreign immigration, are the main drivers of a clearly defined spatial pattern in which highly-growing eastern urban areas would be clearly opposed to lower growing western ones. Preliminary analytical results demonstrate that this east-west divide would be manly caused by the deep differences in the economic/labor market structures of the respective urban areas.