The growing number and size of cities: causes and consequences

The level of urbanization in Bangladesh is still low 23.81 percent (adjusted) in 2001. There was sharp growth during 74-81 period. After that although the level is increasing slowly but the annual exponential growth rate has been declining since 1981 to 2001 from 10.63 to 3.3. Though the urban population shows substantial marked rise during the last two decades even then Bangladesh by and large continues to be predominantly rural country having about 76.19% of its population living in villages. Area expansion is the principal reason for population growth in urban area. The census data shows that urban population variation during 91-2001 was highest in Dhaka division (central part) with 46.26% . On the other hand urban area variation is highest in southern part of the country Barisal, with 23.87%. Among the Divisions Dhaka , Sylhet and Chittagong have population variation above the national variation. Whereas Khulna , Rajshahi and Barisal divisions show below the National variation (40.17%). The push factors like natural disasters, slow economic growth, unemployment are the major cause of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh although weak pull factors. To control unplanned urbanization across the country there needs to address the adaptation program, job creation in the rural areas, viz-a-viz good urban governance.

India is urbanizing rapidly and about 377 million people live in 7935 towns/cities(census, 2011) across the country which constitutes about 31.2 % of the total population. The number of towns has significantly increased from 5161 in 2001 to 7935 in 2011. During the fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, the country experienced rapid growth of its urban population. But during the last few decades India has experienced urban deceleration. The country has experienced a noticeable slowing down of the rate of urbanization and urban growth in the past two decades(1981-1991 and 1991-2001). But there has been an urban turn around in 2011 which reported an acceleration of urbanization. For the first time since independence, the absolute increase in urban population exceeded to that of the increase in rural population though 69% of the total population live in rural areas which is highly significant. There is high inequality in the distribution of the urban population by size class categories. About 70% of the total urban population(265 million) live in 468 towns which is also reflected in Gini Index and Lorenz curve. Against this background, the recently released 2011 census data provides an opportunity to explore and analyse this urban turn around.

Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural to modern industrial one. In the current time urbanization has been linked with industrialization and economic development. The rate of urbanization in India is growing in a slow pace. However, the state of Jharkhand which is separated from Bihar in the year 2000 is growing faster than Bihar. The current study attempts to describe the changes of the pattern of urbanization in Jharkhand. It uses Census of India data of 2001 and 2011. The preliminary findings of the study suggest that the industrialized districts and the administrative importance districts contribute to the much of urbanization in the state. Urban agglomeration, number of towns and number of cities are increasing rapidly as compared to the previous census.
(Key Words: Urbanization, India, Jharkhand)

In IranFollowing thachieving development,cities have expanded.In such condition,the migration process from villages to cities showed an increasing rate and in this process,modern cities like Tehran have been forced to accept a large number of migrants that immigrated to Tehran from their origins in seeking an improvement of their lives.Continuation of this process not only led to enlargement of cities in term of size,but also caused formation of new towns that has been continuing to this time.Therefore the process of replacement of individuals changed the population figure of Iran from majority rural to majority urban citizens.Based on the last statistics,this newly arrived population seeks jobs to earn livings;however as they lack sufficient specialty in undertaking urban jobs,they inevitably make the secondary jobs enlarged.This paper uses secondary analysis method to study enlargement of Tehran,formation of new cities in its margin as an impact of migration process and changes in population figure of Iran in the framework of increase in job seeking with emphasize on immigrants age and gender.
Keywords:Migration,expansion of cities,Tehran province,secondary jobs,rural majority,urban citizen majority

Close to 50% of the estimated 24 million Ghanaians live in rural areas but only 32.1% of the health sector workforce works in rural areas. Doctor patient ratio in a predominantly rural region is 1:18,257 compared to 1:4,099 in an urban region. These rural-urban inequities have contributed significantly to Ghana’s slow progress in achieving the millennium development goals 4,5 and 6. This study was conducted in 64 clinics among 324 staff in 16 rural and urban districts. Objective was to ascertain rural-urban differences in health staff motivation and the implications on quality care in health facilities. Results showed significant differences in quality care performance of rural and urban facilities in terms of “staff training in resuscitative techniques”, “orientation to job”, and “safe use of medications”. Staff in rural facilities were more de-motivate by poor water and electricity supply than those in urban facilities (p<0.05). Motivating staff along these identified gaps will help improve quality care and clients participation in the national health insurance scheme, which is experiencing enrolment and re-enrolment challenges because of poor service quality in accredited health facilities.

Though only 31.2 percent of the total population in India live in urban areas, in absolute terms, it is one of the highest in the world, only next to China. According to 2011 census, the size of urban population is 377 million, more than the total population of any country in the world except China. It is spread in 7935 towns and cities across the country. Out of the total 7935 towns, 468 towns/UAs belong to class I category(100,000 or more population) of which 53 UAs/towns each has a population of one million or above known as Million Plus Cities. The 2001 census reported 35 such cities and 18 more have been added during the last ten years. These 53 UAs/towns are the major urban centres of the country where 161 million population live constituting 43% of the total urban population . Many studies have projected that the number of such million plus cities is going to increase rapidly within the next couple of years which will be the focus of growth and development. Hence, the present study makes an attempt in analyzing the growth pattern, trend, characteristics, quality of life as well as future sustainability of those metropolitan cities.

In Indian context, the Himalayas is bifurcated into the western and eastern Himalayan region by the presence of Nepal in between. Administratively, western Himalayan region is divided into Jammu&Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. This region shows a thin and dispersed human population compared to national figures due to physiographic condition and poor infrastructural development. However, tourism and hotel industry is growing in this region and has become an important development issue. It also underpins urbanization (main component being rural-urban migration), which influences competence and capacity of local government in urban centres to ensure or encourage provision of infrastructure and services (including water, sanitation, drainage, transportation,etc). Therefore, the need of planned and organized urbanization has become a great concern as new urban areas have been added and proportion of urban population is increasing (Census, 2011). In this context, present paper aims to study the emerging pattern of urbanization, urban growth and its correlates in the states of western Himalayan region with reference to India, and to discern and analyze different patterns of urbanization and emergence of new towns/cities across districts of these states. For this study we have relied on Census data, RGI, 1981-2011.

Delhi fast becoming the melting pot of cultures, where people, profession and culture assimilate and diffuse. In recent years India’s GDP growth has been far above the growth rates of developed nations. The strength of Indian economy is visible in the increase of foreign direct investment and good competitive environment. Despite these favourable developments in GDP growth and FDI, the bucks are not transient to the sustainable development of India’s mega cities. In this paper sustainability of cities is defined as the transformation of growth developments into social well being, quality of life and social achievements of the existing Delhi slum. Deficits in both are especially visible in the residential housing, fundamental infrastructure and well being index. Therefore this paper evaluates the impact of Regional, Governmental and Non Governmental measures to improve the situation of slums of New Delhi

Migration of people always have backward and forward linkages; Movement has manifold impact on people apart from people who are actually migrating—impacts that critically shape its overall effects. The present study is the study of slums of Delhi and it consist of migration from all over India. The study deals with the level of the education attainment, pattern of the education system and persuasion of the cultural practices by the ethnic minority groups (the groups taken into consideration are Muslim and Sikhs). The paper studies internal conflicts of the society and people How, these education in schools are corroborating there cultural practices and there assimilation into homogeneous society from large heterogeneous society for the analysis assimilation and diffusion index has been constructed using social, demographic and cultural factors. The major question is whether migrants able to retain there cultural practices or they get diffused into cosmopolitan or metropolitan culture. Factor analysis was conducted and using factor loadings as weights variables are combined to generate a composite assimilation or diffusion index denoted as using varimax rotation( in order to obtain statistically independent factors ) results of the factors are tabulated. The preliminary results shows that the education attainment and the process

We-human being exercise different rights and duties depending on our ages, not to mention all our status and experience. Likewise some rights cannot be fully applicable to certain countries at certain time due to their limited economical, physical and/or other capacities. Based on analyses of statistical yearbooks and survey reports on internal migration produced between 2000 and 2010 in Mongolia, the paper investigates consequences of the rural-urban migration and explains why migration should be controlled internally. Main argument is that any actions of state, society or individuals should be taken within the Law with the consideration of Human Rights rather than they should be ruled by the Rights and Freedoms.