Urbanisation, economic development and family transformation through history

Regional variation is an integral part of Japanese historical demography. At least three different patterns of population and family are suggested to have coexisted in three geographic boundaries in early modern Japan: northeast, central, and southeast. However, the evidence for the three patterns are either based on macro level studies or on micro level studies of a few villages in each region. This paper challenges this general categorization and tries to examine "northeastern" pattern of marriage and family using household registers 1716-1870 from diverse economic settings: two rice farming villages, one village enriched by cash crop agriculture, and one booming local post town. We apply the event history analysis model proposed by the Eurasia project for examining marriage responses to economic stress and household context. The results of this study should provide more careful examination of the northeastern pattern and marriage in its relation to household socioeconomic status and context at various stages of local economic and population development.

Following up Easterlin’s arguments about the impact of cohort size on demographic issues, the paper aims to explore the implications of cohort size in the specific context of residential mobility. The research is based on the case of the inner city of Barcelona. There are two elements that make this case study relevant. Firstly, fertility decrease was extraordinary fast in Spain. That produced big size differences among cohorts born within a short period of time. Secondly, the intensity of residential mobility is low and very concentrated in the household formation ages. This characteristic emphasizes the importance of cohort size in terms of competition: after members of large cohorts have moved they no longer cause a strong pressure on the housing market.
The paper looks for differences in patterns of residential behavior between baby-boom and baby-bust cohorts in two main aspects: the timing of the movements and the territorial distribution within the Metropolitan Area of the individuals moving from the central city. According to the literature, large cohorts face greater competition than small cohorts in multiple aspects, among which the housing market. Thus, it is expected that boomers will move later and farther than smaller cohorts.

The level of urbanization in Bangladesh is still low 23.81 percent (adjusted) in 2001. There was sharp growth during 74-81 period. After that although the level is increasing slowly but the annual exponential growth rate has been declining since 1981 to 2001 from 10.63 to 3.3. Though the urban population shows substantial marked rise during the last two decades even then Bangladesh by and large continues to be predominantly rural country having about 76.19% of its population living in villages. Area expansion is the principal reason for population growth in urban area. The census data shows that urban population variation during 91-2001 was highest in Dhaka division (central part) with 46.26% . On the other hand urban area variation is highest in southern part of the country Barisal, with 23.87%. Among the Divisions Dhaka , Sylhet and Chittagong have population variation above the national variation. Whereas Khulna , Rajshahi and Barisal divisions show below the National variation (40.17%). The push factors like natural disasters, slow economic growth, unemployment are the major cause of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh although weak pull factors. To control unplanned urbanization across the country there needs to address the adaptation program, job creation in the rural areas, viz-a-viz good urban governance.

In the last few decades, there has been particular interest in describing demographic patterns in the 19th century in Portugal. Parish-level research has made it possible to observe marriage, fertility, mortality and migration patterns all over the country. However, no attempt was made to synthesise the findings in order to reach a broader understanding of the Portuguese population dynamic over the period. Different parts of Portugal presented their particularities, which were mainly a consequence of regional socio-economic specificities associated with a larger context of demographic patterns (such as international migration streams). In order to fill this lack in the literature, this paper will present a review of the research findings at local and regional levels. It will also analyse data from the census of 1845, 1864, 1878, 1890 and 1900. The idea is to make a comparative analysis of what has already been studied and what the census presents, so regional and national patterns will be identified. In this way, findings of parish level will provide a way to better understand the country as a whole. As a result, it will be possible to observe the influence of socio-economic characteristics, urbanization and migration networks on population behaviour in nineteenth-century Portugal.

Abstract:
The study will focus on Tribal Transformation through Mass Media with special reference to Gond community of Gadchiroli tehsil. It is needless to say that tribal community was in existence in the entire globe. Tribal being a backward community has therefore been granted privileges by the Constitution of India. Tribals are also ‘Adivasis’ and ‘aboriginals’ of India were found in isolation. Most of the ‘Adivasis’ are living in object poverty, abysmal illiteracy and unhygienic conditions due to lack of ignorance and awareness of their legitimate rights. The original tribals lived only in forest and using leaves and barks of trees to cover their bodies. For want of communication, the tribals had no knowledge of mass media. The study and research of tribals living in Gadchiroli Tehsil of Maharashtra State reveal their way of living and lifestyle and their languages and their culture. Gond community faces today onslaught of even today economic, social, cultural and educational problems even after 65 years of independence. They require special attention for their overall upliftment and welfare through legal and constitutional means. Mass media are the instrument of communication which also played important and significance role in the primitive’s societies in ancient time.

Comparison and comparability lie at the heart of any global social science. But, precise comparison is virtually impossible without similar methods and similar data. Comparable datasets are scarce in particular for historical periods. This paper introduces and compares four new historical panel datasets from East Asia: the China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset-Liaoning (CMGPD-LN), the China Multi-Generational Dataset-Shuangcheng (CMGPD-SC), the Korean Multi-Generational Dataset-Tansong (KMGPD-TS) and Taiwan Colonial Household Register Database . It discusses the key features of these datasets; the historical institutions which produced the original data; the subsequent processes by which the data were reconstructed into individual level panels; the completeness of recording and problems of missing registers; and their potential for important social science research. The paper shows how these data are important to identify and differentiate what are particular and different among these populations and what are general and similar. It also shows how the comparative method applied to these datasets can illuminate the local as well as the global, or at least regional. Such comparison should give us a much more nuanced comparative understanding of East Asian historical sociology and global social science in general.

This paper will reconstruct the urbanization process in Saint-Nicolas, a town in Belgium between Ghent and Antwerp which from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century went through a process of urbanization and industrialization. The town Saint-Nicolas was, together with Ghent and Aalst, among the few towns in Flanders to undergo an early take-off of modern industrial development. The urbanization process in Saint-Nicolas can be reconstructed based on published census outcomes as well as previous studies which used archival data. We expect these data to show that during the long nineteenth century, the countryside cast off part of its reproductive potential (people at the age when they seek an independent existence, the same age when their reproduction is usually highest) to the town Saint-Nicolas, leading to fast natural growth in the town and slow natural growth on the countryside. The findings on the demographic characteristics of the urbanization process in Saint-Nicolas should also be seen in the light of the wider economic environment of the town. Saint-Nicolas was part of the Land of Waes, where the rural economy functioned in a different way than in other parts of inland Flanders.

Short Abstract

The aim of this paper is to explore the association between Economic Development and Urbanization. The assessment of linkages between economic development and urbanization provides number of findings from this study. Study not only provides strong evidence for association between economic development and urbanization but reveals that as urbanization increases the economic development also increased. Linear regression analysis shows that urbanization reasonably predicts the economic development.
The level of urbanisation increased from 17.3 % in 1950 to 31.16 % in 2012, in the same period Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased from 3.5 % in the 1950s, to 7.7 % in 2001-2011. The relationship between Per Capita Net State Domestic Product and Urbanization is reflected by the higher correlation coefficient. Sub-national level, Higher-income states, Maharashtra, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and, Punjab have higher urbanisation level. Other side, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa shows significant urbanisation deficits with lower state income.

South Korea, one of Asia’s most successful developmentalist state, has marked rapid economic growth and shown fast recovery from economic crises. The state at an early stage of economic development necessarily implemented industrialization and urbanization, and at a later stage experienced democratization and globalization. A series of the process has been inevitably accompanied with demographic change that was particularly striking after the emergence of global capitalism. The most notable features of the changing demography include ageing population, declining birth rate, a wide arrange of new household types, and reduction in household size. The demographic transitions have been so obvious to transform housing system. This study is to look into the relationship between economic growth and demographic change, and to examine how these affect and are affected by housing transformation. In doing so, wide arrays of national data are used, and it’s obvious that housing norms (e.g., structure type, tenure, size and expenditure) are changed to react to the needs of major actors changing the state’s demography – the elderly, single persons and baby boomers. Therefore, the conventional path for traditional families toward homeownership is no longer ensured, and the recent economic downturn concerns housing affordability.

Latin American and The Caribbean outmigration coincided with the onset of the Demographic Transition for some countries, but little is known on how both processes are related. To what extent natural growth did contribute in explaining net migration´s trend? What other processes could have inhibited its impact on international mobility?

Country level data from UN Population Division, World Bank and the Quality of Governance Institute was organized into a macro-panel, where 16 countries were followed up from 1975 to 2010. A multivariate linear model with fixed effects and interactions, to account for demographic inhibitors, such as urbanization, industrialization or increase in productivity, was estimated.

Similar to what has been found for the Trans-Saharan migration system, natural increase has a negative and significant effect on net migration´s evolution, even while other processes are going on. Urbanization significantly inhibited the effect of natural increase on net migration, up to four times, but this was not the case for productivity increase or for industrialization.