The growing number and size of cities: causes and consequences

In Turkey, Bursa city is a member of the healthy cities. It was the capital city of Ottoman Empire.There are some historical villages inside in Bursa city border that are conserved by the immovable cultural and historical assets commission that belong to the Ministry of the Culture and Tourism,in Turkey. These villages are very old and have older people when compared the Bursa city population completly. In this study it will be included in three of them. It will be compared the differences,similarities in the perspectives of population density,population decline,structures of the population among them in period of time.In these villages,it will be criticized the issues poverty reduction, housing problems, environmental managements, creating liavable and healthy environments, facilities that are social, cultural, educational.It will be searched the fact that sustainability of old cities for these villages within the sample of Bursa. In framework of the criteria of healthy cities, it will be discussed the conditions of population in historical cities and sustainability of the villages. The relationship between low income and migration of young people will be searched in the samples of these villages. In the result of study, a model will be created on in relationship between causes and effects in these villages in Bursa, in Turkey.

The paper compares the three largest mega-cities of the Americas (Mexico City, New York and São Paulo), in terms of population size, growth history, density and age structure, and in terms of access to water, conflicts over the use of water, and distance from which water is transported, in order to: identify the demographic components of water availability and sustainability of these urban regions; call attention to the primacy of population mobility and distribution as central issues; assess the prospects of achieving balance between population characteristics and access to water; and consider the case for ecological-economic zoning as a tool for sustainability.
The Americas, and their three most populous countries, are not among the world’s crisis zones in terms of water availability. The United States and Brazil, in particular, are water abundant; but even Mexico – at the national level – has reasonable water/population ratios. Their three largest mega-cities, however, illustrate a crucial fact regarding population and resources: where population is located vis-à-vis water supplies translates into periodic or long-term crises, and must be a fundamental issue to sustainability.

21st century witnessed a rapid shift of population from rural to urban area. The total urban population increase in 2030 of India will be 590 million 40% of India’s popn, where Tier 1 cities population will go up to 155 million, Tier 2 cities population will up to 104 million whereas the Tier 3 cities will have 331 million popn respectively. Presently, 32 percent of Indian population is living in cities, out of which about one fifth is residing in four megalopolis cities. Coupled with rapid urbanization each city consists of a number of supporting systems. Transport is one of them, which provides mobility, flexibility and accessibility to urban people. For all practical purposes, a sustainable transport system must offer mobility and approachability to all urban residents in safe, risk-free and eco-friendly mode of transport. Surely this urbanization trend is going to have fundamental impact on the politics, economics and social situation of the country.

The critical issue in urbanization is efficient transport, this paper deals with the metro rail answers the transit needs of urban areas most effectively and has the potential to bring all round benefits to business, to environment and multiple benefits to people in all walks of life. The scheme of this paper is to examine the extent of problems and suggest remedial measures.

Iran has beheld rapid urbanization since the Islamic revolution in 1978. Number of cities increased from 200 in 1956 to 1016 in 2006, while the urbanization rate increased from 31 to 69 percent. This study used Zipf’s law to investigate the Iran urban network changes during 1956-2006. Results showed that City-size dynamics in 1986-2006 periods has been decreased inequality in compare with the1956-1986 period. It could be concluded that there is a decrement Zipf index within Iran’s urban system and that the above mentioned changes in the “long decade of the 1978s” cause to increase cities number and enlarging other metropolitans except Tehran.
One of the main factors which are helping to balance the size-rank pattern of the cities in country is developing towns and cities because of existed problems and difficulties in metropolises and especially Tehran. Deduction process of population portion in metropolises and intense changes in economical, social, political and cultural structures cause an increase in immigration of people to towns and cities. Governmental support for towns and cities can be an effective step in balancing city rank chain of the country.

Through exploratory spatial analysis, this paper found strong spatial dependence in levels of urbanization among 287 prefecture-level cities in China, and the high-high and low-low were the dominant spatial agglomeration types of the neighbor cities. The major socio-economic factors also showed obvious spatial dependence, which might contribute to the spatial aggregation of the urbanization level. Spatial error regression model further verified and controlled this kind of spatial dependence, and indicated that the degree of openness relatively more significantly increased the urbanization level than the degree of industrialization due to household registration system and strategy as well as process of industrialization in China.

The urbanization process in Brazil has occurred in accelerate pace all over the country, albeit some lags when comparing it regionally. Exactly this lag is representative of Brazil’s complex urbanization process once it highlights how context and period are essential to understand it. Considering this we aim to think about contemporary urban characteristics of two regions, pointing similarities as much as bring the particular process underlying them. One of them is the Southeast region, the most urbanized and with almost complete urbanization process; and the other is the North region with an on-going urbanization process, recently accelerate. Further, this paper aim to addresses important characteristics of those regions that made them totally opposite but carrying the same problems of lack of planning of the urban space. Then, for Southeast we have a concentration of some of the biggest cities in the country through an urbanization process that merges sprawl and conurbation, opposing to the North region, where the main urban centres, although historical just recently started their massive urbanization and the consequences was a compression of time in its process. Comparing them we expect to discuss how urbanization is a multiple process, leading to different cities arrangements.

Existing analyses of net migration flows point to mass migration from the East to the West as the key driver of population decline across East Germany. But available migration statistics suffer from incompatibility over time, largely due to frequent county boundary changes since reunification in 1990. This research aims to gain a better understanding of contemporary internal migration patterns and how they drive population decline and gender imbalances in the East. In drawing on the new German Internal Migration (GIM) database (Sander, 2013), I quantify the impact of East-West migration on Eastern States and their capital cities. The GIM database holds annual migration counts drawn from the population register for 397 regions with temporally consistent boundaries. The results show that in 1995-2004, East-West migration had a stronger impact on population decline in many eastern counties than movements within the East. But this pattern has changed. In 2010, less than half of all net losses from East German counties were to other counties in the East. Gender imbalances toward men in rural Eastern Germany are typically attributed to more young women than men moving from the East to the West. The results suggest, however, that gender imbalances are most pronounced in movements towards the large cities of Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden.

The well-advertised inclusive urban agenda in India in the past few years has severely questioned. The present study attempts to trace out the new forms of vulnerability and social insecurity faced by the poor and more crucially, the population bordering the poverty line in terms of increasing cost to afford housing and access to basic services. The NSSO unit level data pertaining to consumption expenditure, housing and other amenities are used to show the interdependence between poverty and availability of amenities for three consecutive periods (1993-’94, 2002-’03, and 2008-’09). Distribution of availability and adequacy of basic services have shown according to different ‘Relative MPCE Classes to the poverty line.’ Results of the analysis show three important facts. First, the possession of affordable housing and basic amenities has become essentially a service cornered by middle-classes. The next finding is that the validity of the present official poverty line appears to be also questionable that grants very minimal weightages to the basic services needs and the rising cost to maintain these needs in urban areas. The third factor underscores the growing informality in housing arrangements that is regarded as one of the main economic burden of the poor and marginally poor people.

Keywords: Vulnerability, Poverty Line

The study of urban growth by size class of towns could help us to understand the stages of urban development in a country and the differential growth rates show the extent of rural to urban migration. Although natural increase continues to contribute largely in the urban growth of India, however with acceleration in demographic transition, rural to urban migration is likely to play more prominent role in the urbanisation of the country. India is having a long tradition in counting the people which started a way back in the year 1872. But from 1901 onwards, the census was regularised for every ten years and this Himalayan work forms the data base for various research works and demographic studies. Hence the present study relies upon the census data based on which the discussions and finding were made. The fourth highly urbanised state of India, Karnataka is the study area and its urban growth was studied by understanding the changes in different size class of towns present in the state and the level of urbanisation was compared with the national scenario.The data base created in GIS environment will be useful for further spatial analysis. The present study will help to understand the degree of urbanisation and regional imbalances in Karnataka state and help the planners to plan better for sustainable future.

Under-5 mortality rate of urban poorest was 85 per 1,000 live births where was 27 per 1,000 live births in urban wealthiest. It was estimated that 40% urban population of Bhubaneswar were slum dwellers. The main objective of the study was to assess the immunization coverage and to identify barriers for poor coverage in urban slums of Bhubaneswar in Odisha. Required sample is 200 with design effect 2, 10% precision, 95 % confidence interval and estimated immunization coverage of odisha was 59.5% (CES 2009). Fifty six percent (56%) of children were completely immunized, 39.5% were partially immunized and 4.5% had not received any vaccine. Dropout rate was high between BCG and Measles was 22.0%, followed by DPT-1 Measles dropout rate was 21.5%, BCG to DPT 3 dropout rate was 4.4% and DPT 1 to DPT 3 dropout rate was 3.8%. Immunization status was significantly associated with variables like social class, mother education, location of urban health centre, family income and presence of immunization card. Routine immunization coverage was low mainly because of poor measles coverage. Special attention is required for improving measles coverage and can be increased by integrating with mother and child tracking system (MCTS).