Poster Session on Internal migration and urbanization (2)

Besides the knowledge that Colombia was one of Latin America's countries which fastest concentrated its population in urban areas (Kalmanovitz & Lopez, 2006), it was - until 2005 - one of the countries with most cases of forced displacement in the world (CODHES, 2004), and finally, a country which by 2005 had driven out from its territory almost 3 million people (DANE, 2005), what would it be new to state about the dynamics of population mobility in the area? Which regularities could be identified? What could be told from the census data? To what extent theoretical assumptions on migration and development express migratory dynamics in the Colombian case?

This study aims to add to the discussion about different hypotheses on migration levels and tendencies already proposed in the literature, as well as to the discussion about the nature of population exchanges in space (Zelinsky, 1971; Ravenstein, 1980; Singer, 1980, et al). The scope of this study is also to show that the dynamics of internal migration in a developing country, such as Colombia, although adopting major urbanization tendencies that can be identified in other Latin American countries, has particularities which define a distinctive pattern of migration in its territory.

The paper compares the three largest mega-cities of the Americas (Mexico City, New York and São Paulo), in terms of population size, growth history, density and age structure, and in terms of access to water, conflicts over the use of water, and distance from which water is transported, in order to: identify the demographic components of water availability and sustainability of these urban regions; call attention to the primacy of population mobility and distribution as central issues; assess the prospects of achieving balance between population characteristics and access to water; and consider the case for ecological-economic zoning as a tool for sustainability.
The Americas, and their three most populous countries, are not among the world’s crisis zones in terms of water availability. The United States and Brazil, in particular, are water abundant; but even Mexico – at the national level – has reasonable water/population ratios. Their three largest mega-cities, however, illustrate a crucial fact regarding population and resources: where population is located vis-à-vis water supplies translates into periodic or long-term crises, and must be a fundamental issue to sustainability.

Population in the age group 15-24 known as youth constitute an important component of total population of a country. India is a very old country with a very young population with about one third of its total population coming under the age group 15-24.The dynamics of mobility of the youth in the developing countries in general and India in particular is an area less explored and understood. Therefore, the major objectives of the present paper are to understand the inter-state spatial mobility pattern of the youth in India, to analyse the various characteristics of youth migrants along with reasons of migration and lastly to establish the possible linkage between youth migration and economic development in India. The study is entirely based on the information provided by the census on migration as well as various other secondary sources. The regional disparity in development leads to the inter-state flow of migration streams. Youths from economically backward states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar migrate to more prosperous states like Maharashtra and Delhi. For the male, employment and education are found to be the two most important reasons of youth migration in India while marriage is still the most important reason of female migration.

The number of incoming migrant women married to Korean locals is continuously increasing from the turn of 21st entury. Issues related to the adaptation of these women to the new country include overall satisfaction of basic needs such as language, education, and health, and material affluence such as earnings and housings in the early stage of settlement. Although it is essential to examine the psychological adaptation and happiness levels of those women, studies that found the factors on the subjective life satisfaction among this population is seriously lacking. For this reason, it is crucial to examine life satisfaction that reflects the hardships and the level of living of those women in Korean society. This study is interested in social capital as the way of independently sustaining self-supporting lives for future oriented improvement. The study found that life satisfaction was higher when the migrant women were with children, no Korean citizenship, no work experience, and dwelling in rural areas rather than urban areas. More specifically, positive associations were found with households’ income levels and social participation, but negatively with ages and periods of residence.

The migration from the villages to the urban centres has been a source of mixed blessings i.e. remittances, to some extent, have bankrolled to meet the both ends, while the social costs are a cause of great concern. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to study the perception of the wives left behind about their husbands’ out-migration. Primary data has been collected during January-March 2010 by undertaking a complete house listing of six villages of Pindra block of Varanasi, a district in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. The left-behind wives have accepted that conjugal separation is the need of the time. They would even allow their sons to out-migrate. They have felt the economic benefits of migration. Atleast, now they can pay off their debts. However, the social costs cannot be sidelined. Infact, the children yearn for their fathers’ affection.

This present article discusses the complexity of the dynamics of migration in a large urban agglomeration. This complexity can be seen both in the different types of movements involved, as well as in the individual and collective characteristics of the migrants themselves. Data from a recent household survey taken in 2007 was used to analyze the spatial mobility of the population on the basis of distinct spatial delimitations and on information taken from the Brazilian demographic censuses. The author analyzes the characteristics of residential mobility (and of the individuals involved) in view of several different factors. He also presents considerations on the possible impacts and consequences of these factors in the socio-spatial dynamics of an important Brazilian metropolitan region, that of Campinas, in the State of São Paulo.

Pattern and causes of female migration are changing in India. An increasing proportion of women are moving towards cities, particularly big cities for reasons other than marriage. The present paper tries to understand the pattern, causes and trends of female migration to mega cities of India and its linkage with development. The study is based on secondary data collected by Census. It is found that most of the migrants to cities originate from socio-economically backward states of India. Marriage is still the most important factor of female migration in India but its importance is declining over the periods. On the other hand, it is quite encouraging to find that the proportion of females migrating for work, employment and education is increasing over the period of time. The volume of female migration to all the six mega cities has also increased over the period of time. Regression results linking the migration with the development indicators of the states shows that the states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa which have lower level of development have witnessed higher volume and rate of female out-migration. Similarly states like Maharashtra and Delhi having higher level of development have received more in-migration.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various patterns of rural youth outmigration (permanent, temporary and planned) and assess their influence both on their parents' fertility, as well as their own transition to adulthood and family formation. The data come two quantitative samples: a targeted sample of 1098 rural origin, unskilled youth (aged 15-29) residing in Addis Ababa, and a stratified, random sample of 835 rural households in 4 districts and 8 villages in the two of the most important youth sending areas; and two qualitative sources, teenage (male and female) focus groups and adult key informant interviews. The complex decision-making process included peer influence, social networks, poor quality education, conflict over land and with their rising aspirations that the sending family can't meet. Education was the main reason for outmigration from Gojjam, and work-related reasons from Wolaitta. No evidence is found for the "replacement" fertility effect on migrant-sending households, and CPR is twice as high among migrants households as among non-migrant households in Gojjam. Transitions to adulthood were delayed through high school education, health workers, non-farm labor and urban residence which combined to delay marriage and reduce desired family size, as well as increase perceived migrant well-being