Internal migration and family dynamics

Kinship linkages and family residence patterns influence the households’ adaptation to migration. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyse the working hours of wives of the out-migrant and non-migrant husbands and to study the decision making power of the wives of both the groups. Primary data has been collected during May-July 2011 in rural area of Garhwal, a district in the state of Uttarakhand in India. The total sample size is 262 left-behind wives due to husbands’ out-migration and 256 wives of non-migrants. It is observed that women spend most of their time in food preparation, cleaning, child care and livestock care and agricultural work. Looking into the total mean hours worked by the wives of both the groups, one can conclude that there is no difference in total working hours. This means that out-migration of husbands have not burdened their wives with extra working hours. Women participate widely in agricultural production in rural Garhwal, and in decision making related to agriculture production. Out-migration of husbands enhances the decision-making power of their wives. At the same time, increase in responsibilities of women which further declines the mental health of the left behind wives.

China’s economic development closely related to the fast increase of floating population to urban areas. Based on the 2010 national census, the proportion of floating population accounted for almost 20% in China. We take Shanghai, the largest city in China, as an example. The data come from Shanghai monitoring sampling survey conducted in May 2012. The sample covers 14993 floating people aged 15-59, whose household registration area is separated from Shanghai. The total number of the family member for the 14993 sampled objects is 44674, the average number of a floating family is 2.98. Among all family members, 37162 of them have already moved to the Shanghai, where the target object lives. The objective of this research is to disclose the structure of the floating family both in Shanghai and out of Shanghai, and how the family member gradually flows to the destination areas based on timing and ordering of their entry. Cox model for the timing will be used.

Migration and residential mobility hold significance among young adults in the transition to adulthood, representing a life course event such as a transition to independence from parents and family, a turning point which diverts previous experiences, and an investment behavior for maximizing life chances. Despite several studies on the relationship between mobility and family formation, little is known about the role of mobility in union formation (i.e., marriage and cohabitation) and how that relationship has changed over time. By using two comparable datasets of different birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 (NLSY79 and NLSY97), this study examines how moving events are related to union formation and how the relationship has changed across decades in the United States. As the NLSY studies have collected panel data from nationally representative samples of two birth cohorts, that is, those born in 1957-1964 for the NLSY79 and born in 1980-1984 for the NLSY97, the current study will contribute greatly to understanding the changing role of migration and residential mobility as a life course event in the United States.

For migrants, social network is crucial for finding jobs and accommodation, circulating goods and services, as well as psychological support and continuous social and economic information. Social network often guide migrants into or through specific places and occupations.
For the purpose of the present study, Delhi has been selected because construction workers are very much concentrated in the upcoming cities, mega cities, metros, and other urban agglomeration. The choice is guided by the fact that this is traditionally an in-migrating region of India. The objectives of this study are to analyze the use of social network in finding jobs in construction sector specially at the lower end of occupational hierarchy and to see the network that migrants maintain with the locals (within the construction site and with other city dweller) and also at the place of origin. The research questions are, how and to what extent social network is helpful in accessing employment opportunities in the construction sector? Does social network emerges as a more beneficial for those seeking employment at the lower end of the occupational hierarchy in construction sector? To what extent demographic, socio-cultural and other attributes matter in accessing and utilization of social network?

The development progress and changes in various sectors precede to the population movements. Subsequently, changes in the population movement (migration) and socio-economic demographic factors in the society will consign an influence on changing patterns and behavioural fertility. This study aims to examine the influence of migration and socio-economic and demographic factors on fertility in DKI Jakarta. The analysis is conducted by using Multinomial Logistic Regression method. The results found that migrants have higher tendency than non migrants to have 2-3 children while non migrants have higher tendency than migrants to have 1 or 4 or more children. It is also found that migration significantly influences fertility of women to have four or more children. Migrants are less likely (0.76 times) than non migrants to have four or more children than to have no children. On the other hand, it is found that there is influence of socio-economic and demographic factors on fertility.

In discourses on development, empowerment, and autonomy, mobility has generally considered as a facilitating force and positively coded as progress, freedom or modernity. A close look at mobility in India may tell altogether another story. Especially the mobility of women which brings to mind issues of restrictions, vigilance and control. In this context, this paper examines the quality of migration and sex differentials in quality of migration for India and its six regions. This paper seeks to answer three basic questions (1) Does all mobility brings development or can be considered as an indicator of development? (2) Does mobility is push factor or pull factor induced phenomenon in India? and, (3) what is the pattern of migration returns in India? Overall, this paper aims to understand how different the meaning of migration for men and women in India is? Sex wise bifurcation of mobility shows the greater mobility of women (64 %) in India. In which 95 % is explained by push factors and 5 % is explained by pull factors. For males, 90 % of migration is driven by pull factors. Mobility within states is dominated by women (77 per cent), while long distance migration such as inter-state (68 per cent) and international (82 per cent) are an instance of male prerogatives in India.

The aim of this paper is to shed more light on the association between fertility and the relocation of the household. We address the question of how fertility intentions affect the probability of couples to move over short or long distances. We add to the literature on two grounds. Theoretically, following a life-course approach we discuss a model underpinning the assumption that behavioral intentions in one life domain (fertility) impact manifest behavior in another dimension of the life course (spatial mobility). Empirically we offer novel evidence on how residential mobility is used as a tool to accomplish fertility goals supporting an understanding of residential mobility as a byproduct of fertility decisions.
We use data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) with rich longitudinal information on fertility intentions and realization as well as spatial mobility and spatial aspects of living arrangements of couples. Preliminary results confirm that fertility intentions have effects on the probability of short or long distance moves depending on whether the couple intent to have a first or an additional child.

In Pakistan and across the world, slums are the characteristics of urban setting. Almost every slum exits across the boundaries of cities but in Islamabad, slums are right at the centre of urban sectors and they are inhabited particularly on banks of rain water passages. Notwithstanding, CDA has approved these slums. People started to migrate here from early 1960s and after 1997 CDA has regularized these slums covered under this study. Regularization provided inhabitants the right to build houses and live as legitimate member of the community. What particular socio-demographic characteristics they have, how households are distributed between and across communities, in terms of wealth index, and what patterns of household-level deprivations exist in all of these communities are the target of this research work. Findings show that wealth index varies within communities e.g. G7/1 slum is found as inhabiting largest poorest segment and G7/2 inhabiting largest richest segment of households. Household deprivations vary from 38 to 54 percent. In overall, about 45% of the total population is excess population that shows that these slums are over populated. It has been found that demographic transition has already been started for these communities, therefore, poverty and household deprivations could have negative implications in future.

Migration has been adopted as a significant livelihood strategy for poor households in several regions of India and the hilly part of the state of Uttarakhand is no exception to this. Hence, the paper expounds the socio-economic and demographic characteristics by type of households i.e. households with out-migrant males who have left their wives behind and households with non-migrant males staying with their wives. The diagnostic statistics allows seeing whether there exists a significant difference in the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the two groups under study. At the household level, the income, savings and investments are higher for the households with out-migrant husbands than households with non-migrant husbands. The mean monthly per capita expenditure is also higher for the former category of the households than the latter. Higher percentages of households with left-behind wives live in pucca houses, have electricity, have source of drinking water within their premises and own pit toilet than households of wives with non-migrant husbands. In line with the findings with housing and economic conditions, the wealth index reveal that the households with out-migrant husbands have better economic conditions as compared to the households with non-migrant husbands.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze how changes in the economic and social conditions influence the likelihood of migrating in Brazil, focusing on the crucial role of a conditional cash-transfer program (Bolsa Família Program), given its many social implications, especially on the decline of income inequality. We can point out other important social changes occurring in Brazil in the last decade: the growth of women's participation in the labor market, which influences the economic decisions of households, the growth of average schooling of the population, which generates social returns, and increasing the number of female-headed households, which has consequences on poverty, etc. It is assumed that all these changes can contribute to changes in individual decisions, including the decision to migrate. The methodology applies a hierarchical logit model that includes individual characteristics on the first level and municipal characteristics on the second, assuming that the probability of moving varies between different locations due to aggregate determinants. Expected results are: i) a decrease in non-return migration, ii) the growth of return migration, and (iii) the results are most significant in municipalities in the Northeast region, which is the poorest and would tend to channel most of the benefits.