Internal migration and family dynamics

This paper discusses some key conceptual and policy issues to understand the linkages between population mobility and development in the Amazon. The empirical evidences are from a representative longitudinal sample of individuals, households and communities in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA) collected between 1990 and 1999. Based on this data it is identified the levels and patterns of rural out-migration (to other rural areas or urban areas) and off-farm employment (labor circulation) within the community, to urban areas or other rural areas, as well as the motivations and reasons to engage in mobility by type of farm household (in order to distinguish older or new cohorts of settlements). It is also assessed the main drivers of population mobility based on previous multivariate studies and how they can inform specific public policies for the region. The paper ends with some implications of the results for policymaking in the Amazon, highlighting the need to understand the multi-scale nature of processes involving the causes and consequences of population mobility on regional development and its impacts on rural and urban areas.

Migration process has implications for changing fertility behaviour and family formation through adaptation, disruption, and selection processes. The study analyzed differentials in fertility levels of migrant and non-migrant married women and factors associated with these, using NDHS 2008 dataset. Findings of the study found evidence of substantial variations in the fertility levels of migrants and non-migrants. The mean children ever born for migrants and non-migrants were estimated at four and five children respectively. The odds of reporting five or more children increased by 27% among non-migrants compared to migrants counterparts. Amongst other variables predicting fertility behaviour, age at first marriage, education, women in high wealth index from Yoruba tribe and partners’ education exercised greater effects on lowering fertility among migrants than they did among non-migrants. The study raises issue on the implications of migration process for fertility reduction and the need for profound focus on the factors sustaining high fertility in Nigeria.

This paper aims to understand the inter relationship between women empowerment and its influence on female migration. With transition of the economy the gender relations within the household is changing and perhaps the status of women in the household significantly influencing female migration. Since, migration decision is taken in a household dynamics; this study trying to measure women’s empowerment and its influence on migration through their participation in different decision taking place within the household dynamics.
The data for the purpose of the study is drawn from the last two rounds of NSSO i.e. 64th round (2007-08) and 55th round (1999-00) as well as NFHS-II(1998-99) and NFHS-III(2005-06). Multiple regression analysis has been carried out to understand the relation between female migration and its relation with women empowerment at state level.
The results from multivariate analysis highlights that greater involvement of women in household decisions in terms decision regarding own health have significant influence on migration decision. Similarly the relative status of women measured in terms of their age and educational difference also significantly influence female migration decision. This indicates women who are empowered in household decision also exert a significant influence on their migration decision.

This paper examines the relative differences in risk of migration across gender at household level. It further tries to explore the gender-specific dynamics of migration within the household. The theoretical framework is drawn from the New Economics of Labour Migration modified to address gender dimension which has placed migration decision making process in a household context. The empirical part uses the nationally representative survey (NSSO) data in India held during 2007-08 and uses multivariate regression technique to measure the relative risk of migration. For the bi-variate analysis households are classified into single/more than one/total migrants’ households according to number of migrants present within the household to understand the gender differences in migration.
The results reveal that in poor household female’s risk of migration is much higher than males signifying vulnerability of females both as bread winners and care takers. Female from low income group, from large household size, having more number of dependents and from low educated households are more likely to migrate than that of male. This implies to cope up with household vulnerabilities, to minimize the income risk and to improve the economic status of the family, women take recourse to migration as a practicable strategy.

Abstract:
Migration is one of the processes of development. But when the people do migrate, due to some distress from the areas of origin to the place of destination, it may be auger well for that region. This is happening now in today’s world, the people are forced to migrate due to economic and social constraint. Migrant labors do make enormous contributions to the Indian economy through major sectors such as construction, textiles, small industries, brick-making, stone quarries, mines, fish and prawn processing and hospitality services. This paper objective is to study the impact of migration of labor out of agriculture to other non agricultural sector. This also examines the association between agricultural productivity (production, input, cropping pattern, land utilization) and seasonal labor out migration via remittance, migration and inequality at the place of origin. To understand their working and living conditions of left behind particularly women, children and old people. These papers also try to examine the present and future implications of large scale out-migration of agricultural laborers particularly from rural areas to urban space and to find out policy implication in the context of migration and agriculture.

The migration from the villages to the urban centres has been a source of mixed blessings i.e. remittances, to some extent, have bankrolled to meet the both ends, while the social costs are a cause of great concern. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to study the perception of the wives left behind about their husbands’ out-migration. Primary data has been collected during January-March 2010 by undertaking a complete house listing of six villages of Pindra block of Varanasi, a district in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. The left-behind wives have accepted that conjugal separation is the need of the time. They would even allow their sons to out-migrate. They have felt the economic benefits of migration. Atleast, now they can pay off their debts. However, the social costs cannot be sidelined. Infact, the children yearn for their fathers’ affection.

Fertility remains high in Burkina Faso as a whole, but the fertility transition is well advanced in the capital city, Ouagadougou. Formal neighbourhoods, in the centre of the city, are surrounded by informal areas devoid of public services. Migrants from the countryside, less educated women, and poor families more often live in informal areas. A Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) has been settled in 2008 at the periphery of the city. The city appears to be very heterogeneous in terms of fertility: the total fertility rate (TFR) is 1.8 children per woman in the formal areas followed, as against 3.5 in informal areas.
Composition effects and differences in fertility preferences and unmet needs for family planning are not sufficient to explain this large gap, which may be due, at least partially, to an artefact. Migration to the city and, even more, migration from formal areas to informal areas, seem to be highly related to fertility behaviour, so that TFRs may be biased by selective migrations. Our aim in this paper is to model jointly migrations and fertility in order to check whether selective migrations could explain these differences (and especially the low fertility level in the formal areas).

Relationships between the left behind wives and those who leave, vary, and should not be seen only through livelihood strategies. Hence, an attempt has been made to study the conjugal relations between the wives left behind and their out-migrated husbands. Primary data has been collected during January-March 2010 by undertaking a complete house listing of six villages of Pindra block of Varanasi, a district in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. The study reveals that the left-behind wives are mostly in contact with their husbands. There are handfuls who feel the aggression of their husbands and feel that they are getting victimized by their husbands’ sexual needs. However, it can be concluded that though there are bound to be exceptions, keeping aside those exceptions it has been found that mostly the left-behind wives in the study area are not stressed out as has been generally conceptualized in various literatures.

Families have to make adjustments in their lifestyles and shoulder greater responsibilities as a consequence of the migration of a male member. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to study the way the left-behind wives adapt and adjust in absence of their husbands in the villages. Primary data has been collected during January-March 2010 by undertaking a complete house listing of six villages of Pindra block of Varanasi, a district in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. This research found that the wives left behind reside mostly with their in-laws, with some moving from non-nuclear households to nuclear households. Moreover, parents-in-law have more of an influence on the lives of the wives left behind than parents do, providing more (and different types of) support for them in the absence of their husbands.

Abstract
The study employs the 2006 Census data to examine the earnings of second generation South Asians aged 18-49 and living in CMAs (Census Metropolitan Areas) in comparison to second generation Europeans. Based on the assumption that second generation Canadians fare better in labour market because they have better exposure to social institutions, know the language, and educated in Canada, it was hypothesized that South Asian second generation would not suffer from the earnings disadvantages as did first generation South Asians. The multivariate analysis confirms second generation South Asian success with respect to their labour market performance. The children of Indian and Pakistani immigrants are not significantly different from their White counterparts once demographic, human capital and work related are adjusted. The results also support the argument that the mobility patterns are not shared equally among South Asian second generations. Even though the concerns and experiences of particular groups need to be addressed, overall the experience of second-generation South Asians is something to be celebrated.
Keyword: South Asian, Second generation, economic integration