Internal migration and urbanization: Overview

The several forms of migration and mobility are factors that historically have played an important role in the socioeconomic development of a country. Among the many types of migration, is one that will be focused in this study: the return migration, one of main events in population dynamics in the last decades. Therefore, the main objective this article will be to discuss some theoretical elements relevant to studies about return migration and, second, examine the direct effect this kind of migration by Units of the Federation (UFs) in Brazil for five-years periods 1986/1991, 1995/2000 e 2005/2010. Thus, it will be possible assess the return of natural to UFs, as well as short-term migration (migration of full return). To this end, the data will be used in the sample Censuses of 1991, 2000 and 2010 and the digital grid Brazilian states.
Keywords: migration; return migration; spatial distribution; Brazil.

In the two recent decades internal migration in Mexico has developed a new pattern. One of the most important changes experienced is that whereas in the past most migrants had a rural origin, nowadays they tend to come from an urban area. In addition, the places of destination have diversified. Despite these transformations, migrants are still an auto-selected group that differ from non-migrants in their socioeconomic and sociocultural characteristics. Several works have documented this selectivity. Nevertheless, all of them treat migrants as if they were a homogeneous group and as if they were going to the same place. In this paper we explore the different patterns of migrants’ selectivity according to their place of destination. Our results show that migrants, as a group, are more likely to be female, young and more educated than natives, but that there are three different patterns of migrants selectivity. Most importantly, migrants’ selectivity is linked to the labor opportunities and requirements in the places of destination.

In this paper we analyze migration in one well-known long-running surveillance program, the Agincourt HDSS in South Africa. Migration is a key demographic event for populations monitored with surveillance systems, yet we argue that it is underappreciated in current HDSS practice. We provide (1) analysis of secondary data predicting migration, and hence LTFU; and (2) results from a randomized study of migrant contact and follow-up, testing the efficacy of in-person versus face-to-face interviews in the South African setting. Our results are designed to help researchers and administrators connected to HDSS understand migration dynamics and its potential impact on population and health studies.

Internal migration is much more common than international migration. It has been suggested that this is partly due to blocked international mobility; many people who prefer international migration cannot afford the costs and instead migrate internally. Several studies have shown that internal and international migrants have different socio-economic profiles, although the direction of the difference varies. This paper aims to shed light on the differences in characteristics of internal and international migrants and therewith on the role of blocked mobility. The paper focuses on migration aspirations rather than actual mobility; this gives an idea of people’s preferences rather than what they are able to accomplish. If internal migration is indeed a second-best international migration aspirations should be much higher. The paper looks at a range of factors that may have differing influences. These are education, perceived quality of life in the residence country, perceived job opportunities, migration networks, migration culture, internet access and urbanisation. The analysis draws on data from EUMAGINE; a multi-method project conducted in a total of sixteen research areas of Morocco, Turkey, Senegal and the Ukraine. The results show that in most areas international migration aspirations are indeed higher than internal migration

Migration, its volume, and characteristics have many implications to population and development plans. In effect, studies comparing characteristics of comers with goers and both with stayers, which can reveal both the origin and destination’s gains and losts via migration, are not many! This is what the present paper is going to examine.
This paper utilizes a 2 percent sample of all population enumerated in 2006 Iranian National Population and Housing Census. Preliminary findings show that around 17 percent of the country’s population has changed its place of residence during 1996-2006. Among 336 districts of the country, net migration rates (percentages) ranges from -17 to 34, Immigration rates from around 1 to over 57, and Emigration rates from .4 to 44 percent. A very compounding picture is appears when the characteristics of immigrants comparing to emigrants are taken into consideration at district level. According to the development level, less developed districts are great losers (where immigrants are less educated and are from lower SES groups comparing to Emigrants), and developed districts are great gainers (where immigrants are more educated and are from higher SES groups comparing to Emigrants).

Migration networks develop social institutions among migrants that strengthen social ties between sending and receiving regions sustaining a permanent flow of migration. However, the role of social network on migration has mainly been viewed from the point of making the move.
The present paper has focused on social networking of migrants at the place of destination and its impact on their well being as well as on their future intention to migrate. The study is based on data collected primarily from 310 northeast migrants in Mumbai city during September 2007 – February 2008. The use of proportionate quota sampling design assured fair representation of migrants from the seven states of Northeast India.
A composite index called social networking index that considers important characteristics is computed to measure social networking of northeast migrants. Result indicates that the more vulnerable migrants, be it female migrants, younger and single migrants etc. have higher social networking than married migrants, higher income etc. It is seen that migrants with greater networking intend to migrate more than migrants who are relatively less connected, showing that networking cannot be equated with well-being. The effect of social network would become negative when a larger network hinders growth or opportunities.

The aim of this paper is to describe the process of socio-spatial segregation in the 2000s and the most important changes comparing to the past decade, using as a case study the metropolitan area of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the context of decline of demographic growth, migration and the new forms of occupation of the space, as seen in the Brazilian big cities, this metropolitan area looks like to have modified its characteristics in this period of time. The municipalities with more growth in 2000s were those with better conditions. In this way, we propose not only to present these changes, but also analyze the role of migration and the characteristics of the people who redistribute themselves inside the metropolitan space. In order to do that, we will use mainly the Brazilian demographic census of 2010, comparing the results with the analysis of the census of 2000. We also hope to determinate if the space, in terms of place of residence, has a strong impact over the insertion of people in the labor market.

Abstract :

Background: Internal migration is increasingly putting pressure on health care for the population in large cities and on the organization of health service delivery in Vietnam. Migration from rural to urban areas creates many problems that influence health. Safe motherhood was main issues with increasing alarming unwanted pregnancy and abortion amongst those groups.

Objective: To increase availability and accessibility to quality SRHs information and clinical services amongst factory workers.

Results: The intervention program in both in supply side and demand side proved resulting in some positive changes in accessing SRH services. In the demand side, a series of demand generation activities was used including setting up and operating a network of 350 peer educators. In the supply side, a satellite clinic near by the factory was established to serve that migrant worker plus with mobile team bring services during the weekday and weekend to facilitate for client receiving SRH services. Perception, knowledge and practices relating to health problem in general and STIs/HIV particularly have been obviously improved.

Conclusion: A comprehensive model of intervention in factories is effective way in regard to the imporvement in awareness of workers, service utilisation, capacity building for health staffs.

Ethnic residential patterns gained prominence on the British government’s agenda due to race riots in 2001 and terrorist attacks in 2005. The involvement of British born Muslims in both events caused increasing concern over the residential segregation of these and other non-white groups in British cities. Several studies have explored the residential dispersal of ethnic groups however given Muslims have become the centre of concern on self-selected residential segregation, no studies have utilised data on religious affiliation to explore their internal migration patterns. Using interaction data this paper analyses intra-neighbourhood (ward) migration of Muslims, and the two largest Non-European decent religious groups, Hindus and Sikhs in Birmingham, one of England’s largest cities. Analysis of the data shows Muslims demonstrate a greater propensity to move away from high concentration Muslim neighbourhoods, providing evidence against self-selected residential segregation. Using deprivation indices the analysis shows that all three groups move away from deprivation. Hindus and Sikhs showed existing clusters in affluent areas, whereas for Muslims this was less so . Therefore deprivation can be argued to hinder the greater dispersal of Muslim populations in urban Britain rather than self-selected segregation.

It is theoretically argued that there is a strong linkage between migration and poverty. Migration can be treated as an alternative to improve individuals’ welfare and to minimize the risk of being prone to poverty. Many studies have found that migrants on the average better than non-migrants. However little is known to what extent that migration process can improve migrants’ welfare and to avoided poverty. This study wants to shed lights on that issue.

The empirical findings reveal the amount of wage received after migration is higher compared to prior to migration. Health and educational attainment plays a crucial role in determining the amount of wage received. In addition, as it is expected, formal sector offer higher increase in wage than informal sector. In contrast, the effect of gender disparity on wage is gradually decreasing over the years. The greater wage received by migrants’ worker after migration taken place has improved their welfare and put them far from poverty. The higher wage received by migrants’ worker could be translating into the benefit from migration could be utilized to improved their human capital investment. In addition, the wage surplus potentially can be used to assist new migrants.