Internal migration and urbanization: Overview

The industrial development in Indonesia tends to concentrate only in big cities, one of them is Jakarta. Beside becomes the central government, Jakarta is also developed as the center of the economy. The condition background that completely lagging rural or underdeveloped resulting in migration of population from rural to urban (urbanization). People have various reasons to do the urbanization. Interestingly, during the process of migration from the countryside to the city, it is lead to the emergence of the urbanization patterns. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the patterns of urbanization. Information that is presented in this paper is mainly based on field research conducted in Jakarta in 2008, and supported by a desk review on secondary data, related documents and previous similar studies. The study shows that urbanization is defined as parties (intermediaries) that provide motivation or solicitation to migrate to the city. Patterns of urbanization created or born in the process of urbanization such as patterns based on the solicitation family/relatives, call a friend, take "big boss", or based on the intention of coming himself. Based on the findings known that urbanization is dominated by a pattern resulting from the family (parents, husband, etc.), friends, and a great boss.

Two underlining and defining characteristics of Kano, one of Sudanic Africa’s oldest cities, are cosmopolitanism and the segregation of neighbourhoods. Both trends began to coalesce from the early stages of Kano’s foundation. Its segregation – one of the greatest influence in its socio-political organisation – is essentially a consequence of the immigration of its diverse populations, and took two waves: the pre-colonial (7th Century) traditional pattern and the 20th Century colonial model. Importantly too, it was both between social groups (‘indigenes’ and ‘settlers’) and on religious grounds (between Islamic believers and non-believers). In this paper, I critically interrogate the history, dynamics, politics and sociology of migration and segregation in Kano, as well as examine their various implications on human relations in the city. This paper shows how the combination of both phenomena and the interaction of their diverse exigencies have defined the posture of Kano in contemporary times.

The desirability of migration esp., internal migration has often been at the centre of debate of urban geography. The paper has attempted to make a holistic study of internal migration including its pros and cons in the NCR and its impact on urbanisation. The primacy of internal migration in any urbanisation policy has been addressed. The burgeoning growth of NCR due to daily influx of migrants from different parts of the country has added to the woes of the urban problems. As a result new trends in urbanisation are being witnessed viz., suburbanisation, urban renewal, gentrification etc.

Despite being the wealthiest region of Belgium, the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR) is marked by widening social inequalities, resulting in a distinct pattern of socioeconomic segregation. This spatial division is reinforced through both selective migration and the process of class reproduction. It has been illustrated thoroughly that both processes are strongly determined by one’s educational attainment. This study reveals how educational attainment and the subsequent (lack off) opportunities for social upward mobility have an effect on people’s residential mobility and thus on the composition of the neighbourhood population. Analyses are drawn on the exhaustive and anonymous data from the Belgian censuses of 1991 and 2001, individually linked to the National Population Register (situation in 2006) to observe internal migration. First, binary logistic regression illustrates how social mobility is significantly related to the probability of moving: the odds are higher for socially immobile or downward mobile individuals than for the ones who climb up the social ladder. Second, the effect of social mobility on the direction of the observed relocation is elucidated through multinomial logistic regression.

Urban dynamics in developing region did not follow exactly the European model of industrialization-driven urbanization, where ‘pull’ factors were more significant. Relationship between urbanization and industrialization is weak for developing countries and it is dominated by the ‘push’ factors. This has led to ‘urbanization of poverty’. This study attempts to verify the cause of rural urban migration in India. It considers Dharavi as a case study to ascertain the exact cause of migration. It uses primary survey to assess what migrants perceive as the advantages/disadvantages of rural and urban areas and what has triggered the migration. Random sampling is used where the sample size of households will be decided on the basis of 90% confidence level and 10% confidence interval. In order to identify the difference across various groups based on occupation, education, income, place of migration, and social groupings one way ANOVA is used. Follows ethnographic approach, the study also presents case studies of some migrants. The study concludes with finding policies, tools, and approaches essential for smoothening rural-urban migration in India while minimising forced or undesirable migration.

The reciprocal relationship between development and population dynamics affects the migration patterns. The level of regional development is affected by the migration process, and the subsequent migration flows are affected by the growth rates of the localities in a process of circular and cumulative causation. The aim of this paper is to identify the main characteristics of the Brazilian migration patterns’ between the 1980’s and the 2010’s. To achieve this goal, we analyze data from demographic census for the period, provided by IBGE. The migration criterion adopted considers migrant the individual who lives in a region for less than 05 years, regardless of his place of birth. Data analysis shows that migration patterns in Brazil are extremely related with the levels of regional development. Moreover, migration flows are associated with the advantages of urban centers, especially if they are located in medium sized cities. New trends begin to emerge and are related to the economic expansion of new destiny regions, with the decline of job opportunities in the most developed region of the country, and with return migration. Despite the changes observed, the inertial component of Brazilian dominant migration patterns decreases the expansion rate of its migration transition.

Around two and half million people were attending an institute of higher education in the United Kingdom in the 2010/2011 academic year, which equates to around 4.1% of the total population. Surprisingly, given the importance of higher education very little work has been conducted on the migratory patterns of students attending institutes of higher education in the UK. This paper puts forward a typology that can be used to categorise the different migration transitions that a person can undertake in order to attend a higher educational institution. With the use of the student migration typology and the Student Record Dataset of the Higher Educational Statistics Agency, which contains detailed information on every student recorded as attending an institute of higher education in the UK, illustrations of the migratory patterns of those attending higher education in the UK during the 2010/11 academic year with a focus on the local authority (LA) and county level geography are provided. Using the typology of student migration the data indicate that around 37% of students are student migrants, 9% were local students, while 35% stayed in the LA but studied elsewhere suggesting they distance learn or commute. When analysing LAs; Oxford, Cambridge, Nottingham, Leeds and Sheffield all stood out as areas with large student populations.

The female migration is one of the best indicators of the socio-economic and cultural development of any countries of the world. The female migration from EAG states to six mega cities of India namely Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore having more than five million populations each. The study uses the census data, the period of time, 2001. It is found that the most importance as a cause of female migration has declined over the time in compared to the census, 1991. On the other hand, it is quite encouraging to find that the proportion of females migrating for work, employment and education is increasing over the period of time. In India, mostly female migration is important factors that contribute to increasing female population of the six mega cities. Female migration is major issue, which has not been discussed and emphasized.Here the female migrants are classified on the basis of female are migrating due to the social factor like marriage but in term of “EAG” states the highly proportion of females migrate to mega cities due to the ‘move with Household’, marriage, and lower proportion due to the working/employment, move after birth, education, business and others.

Migration and urbanization has a very close relation, this relation has an unidirectional effect. Increase in urbanization which encompasses urban development provides several opportunities to the people of its surrounding areas. Employment opportunities both in formal and informal sectors in the cities attract labour from distant places and thus encourage migration. Migration of well-off, migration of distress in search of livelihood, or migration of marriage/ re-union with husband or migration solely in search of work in the cities are some popular flows which directly as well as indirectly linked to urbanization.
After 1991, India strongly adopted liberalization policies, alone with the opening of international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatization, tax reforms and inflation-controlling measures etc several urban development projects are also carried out. The central focus of the ruling Government is to increase the economic growth and rate of urbanization (40 percent by 2021), make urban areas a growth pole, thus to make it more efficient, several quality infrastructural services and proper city development projects are planned. Consequently under the ministry of urban development JNNURM was introduced on 3rd Dec. 2005, which aims to improve life and infrastructure in some selected large cities .

The study of urban growth by size class of towns could help us to understand the stages of urban development in a country and the differential growth rates show the extent of rural to urban migration. Although natural increase continues to contribute largely in the urban growth of India, however with acceleration in demographic transition, rural to urban migration is likely to play more prominent role in the urbanisation of the country. India is having a long tradition in counting the people which started a way back in the year 1872. But from 1901 onwards, the census was regularised for every ten years and this Himalayan work forms the data base for various research works and demographic studies. Hence the present study relies upon the census data based on which the discussions and finding were made. The fourth highly urbanised state of India, Karnataka is the study area and its urban growth was studied by understanding the changes in different size class of towns present in the state and the level of urbanisation was compared with the national scenario.The data base created in GIS environment will be useful for further spatial analysis. The present study will help to understand the degree of urbanisation and regional imbalances in Karnataka state and help the planners to plan better for sustainable future.