Internal migration and urbanization: Overview

Though Indian migration scenario is male dominated but the trend is changing. The 64th round of National Sample Survey of India indicated that rural-rural female migration was substantially high in most of the states. The main objective of this paper was that to study the reasons for female migration (Rural and Urban) and Labour force participation of women in major states of India. In recent analysis of NSSO data shows that illiterates and graduate and above women’s are highly migrates for employment causes and monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) of 5th quintile groups very high in urban areas. Migration of graduate and above educated women was greater from urban areas. Most of the women migrated for marriage, but still increase education and its effects on employment status. Compared to labour class rural women and salaried women migrated less, but self-employed women migrate more but in urban areas regular salaried women migrated more. Migration was more among rural women of Central, North-Eastern and Western India. The logistic regression indicated that migration was more among rich and other religion women.

Inter-state migration has always been prevalent in different studies on Pattern of migration indicates about the level of development (population redistribution and equilibrium) in a state or in a district depending on the level of analysis. More over in India and particularly in West Bengal decentralization of planning process has assumed much importance at present, generating a various economic activities for pulling migrants from different states. The study based on secondary data (Census D-3 series, 2001) only is an indicative of migrants by place of last residence, duration of residence and reason for migration. The objective of this paper to flow of in migration and out migration, age-sex characteristics and determined dominant causes for in migrants and out migrants. Net in-migrating (majorities are rural areas of eastern regions) and recipient of huge influx female migrants from rural areas of West Bengal. Larger proportion of out-migration from West Bengal goes to Western and Northern regions (employment, business and education). To study the details of changing characteristics at origin and destination one need to conduct the primary survey at origin as well as at destination depending upon the nature of research questions we pose.

In spite of being the most densely populated countries in the world with urbanization and urban growth rates faster than other populous countries like, China and India, the issue of internal migration of Bangladesh has not been analyzed in detail where the effect of internal migration cannot be over emphasized. With the national level data of the Sample Vital Registration System of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, this study explores the trends, direction and causes of migration. Data of life time internal migrants shows a relatively stable rate of migration during 60’s and 70’s but in 80’s and 90’s has increased. Currently population movement has increased manifolds. Higher in-migration occurred in urban areas than in rural areas and there has always been an increasing trend in internal migration. Marriages, job search, acquiring job are the major causes of rural in-migration whereas job search, marriage, acquiring job and education are the causes of urban in-migration. For the age groups of 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29, female are always higher than male both in case of in and out-migration. This study would enable the policy makers to design appropriate policies for taking care of the problems of unemployment, regional disparity, and unplanned urbanization.

In Brazil 2008 according to the Center for Strategic Studies and Management (CGEE) the federal and state government was responsible for hiring more than 60% of all PhDs in the National Postgraduate between years from 1996 to 2006. The mobility of qualified personnel among regions of the country, especially to the north and northeast, from the second half of the twentieth century was driven primarily by a state policy of Federal Universities via creation and expansion of the National Postgraduate (SNPG ) and secondarily on the devolution of productive activities. This migration is influenced by the lower rate of vacancy for teaching in universities in the Southeast region of the country via a vis the output of graduates SNPG these same universities. To fully understand this type of migration is necessary to understand the role of universities in the Brazilian national economic development, the alternative is necessary to analyze how the process of economic decentralization over the past few years has influenced the hiring this type of worker.

China’s economic development closely related to the fast increase of floating population to urban areas. Based on the 2010 national census, the proportion of floating population accounted for almost 20% in China. We take Shanghai, the largest city in China, as an example. The data come from Shanghai monitoring sampling survey conducted in May 2012. The sample covers 14993 floating people aged 15-59, whose household registration area is separated from Shanghai. The total number of the family member for the 14993 sampled objects is 44674, the average number of a floating family is 2.98. Among all family members, 37162 of them have already moved to the Shanghai, where the target object lives. The objective of this research is to disclose the structure of the floating family both in Shanghai and out of Shanghai, and how the family member gradually flows to the destination areas based on timing and ordering of their entry. Cox model for the timing will be used.

Migration and residential mobility hold significance among young adults in the transition to adulthood, representing a life course event such as a transition to independence from parents and family, a turning point which diverts previous experiences, and an investment behavior for maximizing life chances. Despite several studies on the relationship between mobility and family formation, little is known about the role of mobility in union formation (i.e., marriage and cohabitation) and how that relationship has changed over time. By using two comparable datasets of different birth cohorts from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and 1997 (NLSY79 and NLSY97), this study examines how moving events are related to union formation and how the relationship has changed across decades in the United States. As the NLSY studies have collected panel data from nationally representative samples of two birth cohorts, that is, those born in 1957-1964 for the NLSY79 and born in 1980-1984 for the NLSY97, the current study will contribute greatly to understanding the changing role of migration and residential mobility as a life course event in the United States.

Our work is focused on the intention of migration of unemployed persons, women and men. The main objective is to study how gender relations influences the intention of migration of unemployed persons, in order to better understand the migratory patterns of men and women, in Tunisia. By analyzing the macro and the micro conditions of men and women, in particular the economic context, we will try to explain the influence of gender relations on the intention of migration (have the intention to migrate or not if there is a job opportunity). We will try through our work to see who have intention to migrate? And, how the socio-economic regional context influences the intention of migration of women and men in Tunisia? We use the data from the national Survey of Population and Employment realized in 2005 and in 2010. The surveys contain information about the individual characteristics of the unemployed person and of their households. And we can also have other macro-information about the regional context. Our analysis is based on a spatial and a comparative approach between men and women according to the different socio-economic factors. We developed a descriptive and a multivariate analysis based on logistic regression.

It is not clear how economic crises or conflict influence the process of internal migration and urbanization. This paper uses data from the MAFE-Congo dataset to investigate internal migration to Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), by examining the migration histories of 389 lifetime migrants to the city. The analysis considers whether most migration was rural-to-urban and if recent decades of civil conflict and economic crises in the DRC coincided with higher levels of in-migration to Kinshasa. Although the data shows an increase in the number of moves during heightened periods of conflict towards the end of the 1990s, this is not found to be an overall trend when cohort and age patterns of migration are accounted for. Additionally, the overwhelming majority of migrants to Kinshasa were born in other cities, not in rural areas as might be expected given DRC’s high rates of rural-to-urban migration, and most migrants were born in the provinces adjacent to Kinshasa. This implies that patterns of migration to Kinshasa reflect geographic proximity and urban-to-urban migration patterns more than direct efforts to flee the impacts of conflict, which in turn suggests that the end of the conflict in the DRC may not lead to decreases in migration to Kinshasa.

In IranFollowing thachieving development,cities have expanded.In such condition,the migration process from villages to cities showed an increasing rate and in this process,modern cities like Tehran have been forced to accept a large number of migrants that immigrated to Tehran from their origins in seeking an improvement of their lives.Continuation of this process not only led to enlargement of cities in term of size,but also caused formation of new towns that has been continuing to this time.Therefore the process of replacement of individuals changed the population figure of Iran from majority rural to majority urban citizens.Based on the last statistics,this newly arrived population seeks jobs to earn livings;however as they lack sufficient specialty in undertaking urban jobs,they inevitably make the secondary jobs enlarged.This paper uses secondary analysis method to study enlargement of Tehran,formation of new cities in its margin as an impact of migration process and changes in population figure of Iran in the framework of increase in job seeking with emphasize on immigrants age and gender.
Keywords:Migration,expansion of cities,Tehran province,secondary jobs,rural majority,urban citizen majority

China has experienced a booming development of urbanization since reform and opening-up. China's urbanization level reached 51% in 2011, thus achieving “urban transition”. However, China's urbanization level is currently overestimated, which is mainly reflected by a high proportion of agricultural population in the urban population. China's urban population contains more than 300 million agricultural population who cannot enjoy the urban social security system and are not real urban residents.

Analyzing characteristics of China's urbanization, this paper reveals the existing problems in China's urbanization and emphasizes the need for China to solve these problems and realize a complete urbanization. In addition, the projection of the proportion urban of China is carried out and the future direction of China’s urbanization is also explored. The paper argues that, to make China’s urbanization advance efficiently, attention must be paid to deepening the reform of the household registration system and a series of related policies, consolidating the contribution of population migration to China's urbanization and allowing rural-urban migrants to be urbanized.

Previous Chinese census data, previous China 1% population sample survey data and other data published by National Bureau of Statistics of China are used in the paper.