Internal migration and urbanization: Overview

We-human being exercise different rights and duties depending on our ages, not to mention all our status and experience. Likewise some rights cannot be fully applicable to certain countries at certain time due to their limited economical, physical and/or other capacities. Based on analyses of statistical yearbooks and survey reports on internal migration produced between 2000 and 2010 in Mongolia, the paper investigates consequences of the rural-urban migration and explains why migration should be controlled internally. Main argument is that any actions of state, society or individuals should be taken within the Law with the consideration of Human Rights rather than they should be ruled by the Rights and Freedoms.

1.Background:Indian council of Medical research carried out this study in Jaipur in the year 2011-12 as Jaipur is a rapidly expanding city with slum dwellers having population of 35,03,53 (2011 census).
2. Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to measure the migratory population access to health care services and health systems responsiveness for the people;s health needs.

4. Description of methods: Single stage cluster sampling was used for selecting the migrant household
5. Summary of the results:There were 69 percent of migrants living in notified slums. Only 45 percent were living in pucca houses. Around three fourth of the respondents said they have relatives in the city. Only 9 percent of respondents said they were able to get all prescribed medicine free of cost from the Government health facilities. 84 percent told that they went for ANC check up during their last pregnancy.Nearly 27 percent reported illness during past 6 months.39 percent reported that the health facilty used was private hospital while 37 percent used Government health facilty.

6.Conclusions: the utilization of health services was low in slums. Thus strong advocacy and health camps should be organized on regular basis.

Present study aims to answer the question whether labour migration has increased or not during last one and half decade since the introduction of new economic policy in 1991 in the country? Utilizing the Unit Level Data of the 49th (1993), 55th (1999-2000) and ¬¬64th (2007-08) rounds of National Sample Survey of India we have focussed to study the trends and patterns of labour migration in India. The paper also endeavours to study the trends in labour migration among different social groups and monthly per capita expenditure classes and tries to assess the change in probability of labour migration bye socioeconomic factors using multivariate analysis. Preliminary results suggest a declining trend of labour migration in rural and urban areas with a small increase in male migration rate in urban areas during 1999-2000 to 2007-08. We observe a moderate decline in migration in the less educated population whereas decline is very sharp for the middle and higher educated class. Similarly labour declined steeply among socio-economically backward classes. This period also observes a comparatively higher decline in the labour migration in rural areas among the poorest of the poor than rich while in urban labour migration has increased in affluent class.

Compared with fertility and mortality, comparatively little attention has been given to the way in which internal migration varies between countries around the world. This paper presents results from the IMAGE project, a collaborative international research program which aims to provide a robust framework for systematic comparisons of mobility and advance understanding of cross-national differentials. The paper utilises data from the IMAGE database, a global repository of internal migration data collections, to estimate aggregate migration intensities (all ‘permanent’ changes of address) over one and five year periods for a large sample of UN Member States. We utilise a range of statistical methods to harmonise the data as far as possible for differences in the temporal and spatial frameworks on which the data are collected, and produce a league table ranking countries on overall levels of internal migration. Results reveal marked differences in migration propensities between and within world regions, with relatively low mobility across much of Asia and higher movement intensities in More Developed Countries.

This paper answers two issues on the inter-provincial flow for rural floating laborers in China. Firstly, what are the influencing factors of rural floating laborers’ decisions in taking inter-provincial flow or not? Secondly, what are the factors that make the ingoing provinces more attractive for inter-provincial floating laborers? Paper bases on traditional theory, human capital theory, new theory and institution change theory of labor migration, and use discrete choice logit model with fixed effect and random effect.
Individual, familial and provincial characteristics are significantly affecting floating laborers’ decision: education and floating experience of laborer, number of children and way of land being cultivated in a family, per capita income and land per capita of the outgoing provinces have significant positive or negative impacts on odds ratio of inter-provincial flow.
Economic factors have a dominant role in ingoing provinces’ attractiveness: shorter distance between outgoing and ingoing provinces, higher per capita income, larger probability of employment and higher level of development, lead to larger attractiveness of the ingoing provinces for rural floating laborers.
Keywords: Inter-Provincial Flow; Attractiveness of Ingoing Province; Individual, Familial and Provincial; Discrete Choice Logit Model

This paper examines the patterns and trends of growth of Harare Metropolitan Region which ideally covers Harare City and its satellite towns of Chitungwiza, Norton, Epworth, Ruwa, and Christonbank together with their immediate peri-urban environments. Urban expansion, triggered by the processes of urbanisation, peri-urbanisation and anti-urbanisation, are defining an ungovernable and difficult situation to manage in the next 20 years or so. The basics that define a sustainable metropolitan region (housing, water and sanitation, public transportation) are at stake. With an appropriate population 5 million inhabitants, the metropolitan infrastructure and existing facilities are failing to cope with the demographic pressure. Two decades ago the state has down-tooled on public programmes in housing and transportation. Harare Metropolitan, like most urban centres in the developing world, has been shattered and buttered several times by the country’s adoption of structural adjustment programmes in the 1990s, a failing economy in the 2000s and, as far back as the 1980s, the challenges of adapting from colonialism. Data from the statistical office and other secondary sources of data aided with interviews from related sectors, have been geo-referenced and ‘modelled’ to reflect the metropolitan growth.

Internal migration has made a significant contribution in unequal distribution of population in Sri Lanka for many decades. The direction, pattern and volume of migration have been influenced by a number of socioeconomic and political forces. The recent patterns and determinants of inter-district migration have not been adequately examined due to 30 years cvil war in the Northern and Eastern part of the country. This paper analyzes the recent dynamics of internal migration and associatrd reasons. the analysis uses data from the 2012 Sri Lankan Population and Housing census. The results indicate that the growth of internal migrants has been increasing in non-traditional migrant receiving locations in districts of Northern and Eastern provinces, and Hambantota district in the Southern Province. The former is driven by the resettlement and relocation programmes for the internally displaced populations while latter is lead by economic and infrastructure development projects. Additionally, traditional urban districts, Colombo and Gempaha still remain as employment and education related migration destinations . Marriage and other reasons are also important. Results suggest that future policies should focus on identifying strategies to ensure better quality of life for migrants particularly those in non-traditional locations

The Census 2001 shows that the internal migration in India has gained impetus and is intensifying rapidly. This study primarily focuses on youth migration, comprising the education and employment led migrants from the eight Northeastern peripheral states which are essentially backward than the rest of India, to the four major destinations, which comprises of Delhi, a Union Territory and Capital of India; and three states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and West-Bengal. The main thrust of the paper is two-fold; firstly, exploring the capability level of migrants (educational attainments) originating from the North-eastern regions, and secondly, examining the patterns of the migration cohort groups at the destinations. Examining the first objective, it is found that, the skill levels of North-eastern migrants are very low in comparison to the rest of India due to backward higher educational infrastructure. Secondly, analyzing the pattern of cohort groups it is found that Manipur is emerging as a major migratory state from the North-east. This can be attributed to the socio-political unrest, insurgencies and disorder which the state has been suffering for quite some time.

The main objective of this study which was initiated in January 2005 is to explore the levels of knowledge about reproductive health issues of young women migrant workers and attitudes and behaviours that put them at risk for sexually transmitted infections or HIV transmission or unwanted pregnancies. Data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire from a random sample of unmarried female migrant workers under 30 years of age residing in Delhi, India. Findings suggest that city life, greater independence and social networks mold their behaviour and lure them to lavish life styles by having rich boy friends, acquiring expensive items like, mobile, home theatre, computer, luxury car, visiting expensive restaurants, going to discos, clubs, and bars, attending late night parties. To maintain their lavish life style, 20 percent of them had sex with their peers, colleagues or boss for monetary benefits or in exchange of promotion and 10 percent had sex with multiple partners. The high risk behaviour of these women put them at greater health risk, a substantial percentage of women have been found suffering from various sexual health problems.

For thirteen Hispanic, Asian, and Caribbean immigrant groups, this paper examines the process of immigrant dispersion during the 1990s, focusing on place factors associated with settlement in areas where no group members lived in 1990. The objective is to evaluate the relative importance of economic, demographic, social and co-ethnic correlates of pioneer settlement in new destinations and the extent to which these processes vary across immigrant groups. Using confidential decennial Census data, each of 741 labor markets are classified as unsettled or “empty” for each immigrant group if it had no members there in 1990. For each of the 13 groups, Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regressions are estimated to specify the characteristics of labor markets that received higher counts of pioneer settlers. The major determinants include distance from a group’s closest top-5 gateway, size of population in 1990, economic characteristics, native-born population growth, and the settlement history of other ethnic populations.