International migration and family dynamics

Our aim is to explore the factors related to emigration in 28 post-communist countries and shed light on how economic circumstances following the crisis influence plans to emigrate. Data are drawn from The Life in Transition survey II, a rich dataset that includes migration intentions and information about individuals’ current economic and family situation as well as recent experiences. The survey was conducted jointly by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank in late 2010. The dependent variable in our paper is intention to move abroad. The multivariate analysis is modeled as a multi-level model for binary responses. This approach makes it possible to explore between-country variance in migration intentions. those who report that the economic crisis has had a significant impact on the household are 37% more likely to express the intention to migrate within 12 months after the survey as compared to those who claim to be unaffected by the crisis. Both upwardly mobile and downwardly mobile are more likely (18% and 28%, respectively) to express the intention to migrate as compared to those who stayed in the same status relative to the period four years before the survey. Individuals of reproductive age and those who live separately from their spouse are most likely to intend to migrate.

Previous research indicates that marital decisions reflect an intersection of cultural, economic and structural factors. Further, immigrant marital patterns are considered a measure of structural assimilation. Immigrants, relative to natives, experience distinct marriage markets. Immigrant mating options are shaped by immigration laws in addition to socioeconomic and cultural factors. This study using the 2003 New Immigrant Survey (NIS) examines educational assortative mating as measured by homogamy, hypergamy and hypogamy for new legal permanent residents. Preliminary results show the significance of mode of entry as measured by visa status on the likelihood of entering into a homogamous or hypergamous or hypogamous union. Individuals with employer based visa are more likely to marry homogamously relative to those who entered on spousal or diversity visas. Further, having received education in United States increases the likelihood of homogamy. The findings suggest the significance of immigration policies in shaping present and future family formation processes.

The paper deals with the globalization of international migration, its role and place in the demographic development of the developed countries (including Russia) in historical retrospective with emphasis on their future demographic development. The main attention is drawn to the changes in place and role of international migration in the context of the evolution of demographic transition theory, including the concepts of the second and the third demographic transitions. This gives the authors the possibility to offer a new scenario of future demographic development of the world, which is focused on interconnection of two demographic processes – international migration of population and nuptiality. We call this scenario ‘the fourth demographic transition’. The main statement of our concept is that migration can be positive phenomenon for the future demographic development, which takes into account national and global interests through promotion marriages between native people and migrants. With the help or such marriages new children will be born. They will be the symbol of new viable generation. The idea of the fourth demographic transition was launched in late 2010 and received approbation at several scientific conferences, which were held in Russia (2011, 2012).

This paper aims to explore the narratives on the differential motivations for return according to gender for Bolivian returnees who migrated to Spain. Migration flows from Bolivia to Spain started to rise in 2005 and were characterized by the migration of mainly women for care and domestic work while a minority of male migrants pursued occupations in the construction and agriculture sectors. Amid economic crisis, Bolivian migrants were the national group with the largest return flows from Spain to their country of origin. Based on secondary data (Population Register Flow data), and primary qualitative data obtained through 40 interviews carried out in Cochabamba (Bolivia), this paper addresses the perceptions of returnees about their return. In order to enhance understanding of narratives about return migration, this paper analyses the perceptions of the returnees in the country of origin, the degree of success in Spain and the ability to acquire some savings. We argue that, based on these three indicators, return from Bolivia can be classified in different types, such as the return due to vulnerability; the reproductive return (the return of care); the productive return; and the return to acquire human capital.

Using a recently created multigenerational register, this study examines the fertility integration of second generation immigrants in Sweden in light of the fertility history of their parents, their co-ethnics, and the native population. We study the extent that children of immigrants have assimilated to host-country norms in terms of entrance into motherhood, with a focus on the role of labor market status in the process of becoming mothers for groups from varying national backgrounds. Using register data comprising the entire Swedish population, we examine the process of becoming parents for second-generation immigrants while controlling for the reproductive and labor-market history of the parental generation.

Migration is a stressful life event that may be negatively related to subsequent marital stability. This holds for international migration in particular, and crude divorce statistics often reveal elevated levels of union disruption for immigrants in developed countries. However, while the relationship between migration and other vital events like fertility and mortality have been studied in great depth, there is still a lack of longitudinal analyses of the divorce dynamics of international migrants. In the present study, we improve on this situation by investigating the divorce risks of migrants to Sweden subsequent to their immigration. The study involves those that were married at migration and those that married in the new country. We test various hypotheses of disruption, adaptation and selection to explain the elevated divorce risks. Our study is based on data on the entire resident population of Sweden and we cover the most common immigrant groups in Sweden.

The number of immigrants in Japan is increasing rapidly and almost doubled in these 20 years after the reform of the Immigration Control Law in 1989. Therefore there is a growing necessity for such an analysis of demographic impacts of migration in Japan, as in the new "countries of immigrants" such as Italy and Spain etc.
There are two research questions in this study. 1)Is fertility of immigrant women in Japan disrupted due to international migration? 2)Is their fertility above/below that of native women?
A data-set used in this study is all the samples of foreigners from the Japanese population census (year of 2000).Fertility is estimated by own-children method and its validity is checked by multivariate analysis.
As a result, the present study revealed that immigrant women’s fertility in Japan is disrupted by migration among the people coming from less developed countries than Japan. In addition, we can also ascertain a catch-up effect soon after migration. The level of fertility is lower than the Japanese women in many nationalities; however it will often increase to the level higher than the Japanese women in longer term. Moreover, these finding are ascertained by multivariate analysis. The next challenge is to ascertain validity of these findings in longer term, and compare them to other countries.

Migration is a natural phenomenon which has been in practice from ages. People migrate from one place to another in search of livelihood and for a better standard of living. In this context, International labour migration provides a good opportunity. There are not enough studies taken up on the subject, in this backdrop, this study grabs the wonderful opportunity of exploring the recently available data of 64th round of National Sample Survey (schedule 10.2) and tries to assess the use of remittances by the receiving household. Results suggest that 55percent of remittances are used for food, followed by debt repayment (18 %), health (7%). Surprisingly, 0.6% households are reported to use the remittances for education. The age has a positive association with sending remittances to their families. Regression analysis shows that variations among states, religion and livelihood opportunity with regard to emigration and utilization of remittances received by the emigrant’s households are also noteworthy. The study finds that there has been considerable impact of remittances provided by emigrants which play a vital life to their families. The study shows that rate of emigration indicate that higher for highest quintiles while the share of sent remittances is greater for lower and lowest quintile.

In India, a reasonable proportion of migrants are originating from the state of Kerala. Although the pattern of migration shows dominance of males, females also constitute a significant section especially in the working age. The present paper, based on primary data collected from six villages in Kerala, focuses upon the remittances, its utilization pattern and socio-economic impact of female migration on migrants and their family. The analysis revealed that more than 90 percent of the migrants sent money to their family. The remittances were used for day to day living, repayment of loans, health care, constructing new houses and education of children. There was a significant increase in the mean standard of living of migrants after migration and the background characteristics, type of work at the destination, frequency of remittances, and any saving as a result of migration showed significant association with the standard of living after migration. Migration has also brought some kind of social impact in the family such as improvement in social life, better autonomy, educational status of the family, health care, shopping, recreation, and life satisfaction. Qualitative data revealed that there were some adverse effects of migration such as divorce, separation, conflicts in sharing of remittances.

In this paper we analyze the role of migration in partnership formation among Senegalese individuals. We use data from the survey «Migrations between Africa and Europe» (MAFE-Senegal) and event history models to examine differences concerning the timing of entry into first partnership by gender and migration status (non-migrants, migrants in EU, returnees from EU, migrants in other countries, and returnees from other countries). Our preliminary results indicate that being a migrant in France, Italy or Spain significantly increases the chances of entering into first partnership, for both men and women. For women, this is especially visible the year of their migration, which clearly points to the increasing phenomenon of marriage migration also among Senegalese migrants. Furthermore, the results show that education and socio-economic status are clearly linked to the propensity to enter a first partnership transnationally, but this effect differs by gender.