Population and human rights

The tension between “universalizing” (‘globalizing’) and “relativizing” (‘localizing’) principles has been quite broadly discussed in the context of international conventions on human rights and children’s rights. The cultural relativism view in relation to child work and exploitation issues raised many debates on universal children’s rights and universal norms or standards, in the sense that how to defend the principle of universality in international conventions and debates, while at the same time promoting “openness, flexibility and sensitivity” to different culture in the implementation of its standards.
The case of commercial sexual exploitation of children in Java, Indonesia is a good example of this discussion. The area has a lot of specific characteristics and cultural backgrounds which different from other parts of the world, particularly from “the West”, where the notion of universalism emerged. This paper will describe the importance of moral/cultural consideration in the case of child prostitution phenomenon in Java, based on the relativism viewpoint, and will discuss the way to negotiate the existing contradictions between relativism and universalism in the community development point of view.

abstract has been upload

Armed conflict situations often involve mass displacement of civilians.
This paper reviews the measurement challenges involved in incorporating
quantitative analyses of conflict-related displacement phenomena
when characterizing the nature, magnitude and pattern of
large-scale human rights violations. We present two recent case studies,
from Timor-Leste and Kosovo, where quantitative analysis of conflict-related displacement was integrated into a truth commission's work
and statistical evidence was used by an international criminal tribunal,
respectively. In these case studies we examine how the integration
of analysis of civilian displacement phenomena strengthened our understanding of "what happened" during these two conflict. Using these two case studies, we also contextualize how conflict-related displacement and other forms of violence were employed in these particular conflict situations. We then conclude by noting useful lessons-learned from these case-studies: (i) in terms of the use of diverse data sources (that draw from both traditional demographic and non-traditional sources) and adaptation of classical demographic methods, and (ii) discussing the challenges of presenting demographic estimates and analysis on conflict-related displacement in international justice settings.

The lack of reliable data on political conflict and the difficulties of properly measure fertility decisions under social and economic disruption make of the estimation of effects of conflict over fertility one of the most difficult questions within the Demography of Conflict. We propose a methodology that can be implemented for countries under conflict with access to Demographic and Health Surveys, combined with a good proxy for political violence, by applying multiple generalized equations. We present the results for the Colombian case that combines the retrospective information from DHS 2005 and 2010, homicides by age and sex and population counts per municipality from DANE (Colombia´s official statistical office ) and records of outlaw and army/police initiated armed actions collected by Humans Rights Observatory of Presidency of Colombia (HROPC). As a result we found that there are differential effects by residence (rural vs. urban) and over time, as the conflict has reduced its intensity in the decade under study, and more importantly opposite direction on the effects whether the violence was caused by an intervention by outlaw armed groups or official groups.

[ Abstract]

Nursing care that is responsibility for the life of patients is provided by Nurse Aids who are not medical personnel in small and medium hospitals in Korea. Nursing care provided to patients at small and medium hospitals in Korea does not reach the basic nursing care. This is the blind spot in nursing care which is very different from nursing care provided at University Hospitals, Teaching Hospital in Korea.
Thus the patients who receive nursing care from Nurse Aids do not have human rights as patients as well as guarantee or security in legal rights. But there is no any debate or discussion on this issue. Because nobody try to see current nursing care status in small and medium hospitals or nobody have any chance to look at the actual reality of current nursing care status in small and medium hospital. The purpose of this paper is for the patients who are going to receive nursing care in small and medium his hospital to have the guarantee in basic human rights and legal rights as patients to basic nursing care, and for us to search for alternatives on this issue.

Many countries are contemplating introducing immediate lifelong highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for all women diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy (“Option B+”).

A prospective cohort study was carried out comprising 100 women attending Naivasha Hospital, Kenya, who had been diagnosed with HIV during their current pregnancy. Attrition along the pathway to HAART, and associations with registration at an HIV clinic were assessed. 19 of these women and eight of their health service providers were interviewed to better understand women’s experiences and care-seeking behaviours. 30 HIV testing sessions were observed.

The uptake of services along the pathway to HAART was low. Women who felt that they had enough information to decide whether or not to be tested for HIV were 3.6 times more likely to register at an HIV clinic within three months than women who did felt insufficiently informed in this regard. Most women were unprepared for the test itself and for a positive test result, and described needing time to accept their HIV diagnosis.

To maximize the potential benefits of Option B+, linkage into HAART services following an HIV diagnosis in pregnancy-related services must be improved. A range of innovative approaches to counselling should be introduced and rigorously tested.

People with disabilities in developing countries, is still a second-class citizen. They still have to fight for their rights as citizens. This research was about targeting children with disabilities especially those comes from lower economic. This research wanted to know how the implementation of their rights to health. The number of children with disabilities in Indonesia 2009 amounted to 631,425 children. The research was conducted in 2011 and using qualitative methods and indepth interviews. The Indonesian government has guaranteed the rights of citizens with disabilities are no exception in the Preamble to the Constitution of 1945 and Law No. 4 of 1997 regarding persons with disabilities. But until the research is written, a disregard for the fulfillment of the right to health care for children with disabilities are still going in the family, community and country. As we know, children are an asset of the nation and the future generation. Indonesian government is obliged to fulfill their rights as citizens.

Keywords: rights to health, children, disability

While reviews of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have demonstrated substantial progress on an overall level, many groups within countries are being left behind. This paper calculates unmet need for medical and public health services by equity groups within countries through use of Demographic and Health Survey data and then estimates the sizes of the efforts needed to remove the inequalities through the Index of Equality Betterment. The analysis covers equity groups defined by ethnicity, gender, age, residence, education and economic status.

In Brazil, studies on the homeless population are not frequent. In 2009, a Census was conducted in the city of Santos and the answers to the questions: Living on the street? Sleeping on the street? Living from the street? Are these choices ou social determinations? indicated that violence was the central variable.
Violence is present in the reasons for living on the streets - unemployment, breakdown of family ties, loss of housing - determining the use of the street as the living space. The answers concerning the preference for sleeping on the street also reveal, in the services that offer overnight spaces, forms of violence disguised as rules of coexistence that can not be disregarded. As people live and sleep on the streets also gets its living from the street in socially undervalued works, risking the health, in the middle of the trash, of the disposable, as their abused lives, often attacked for those who increase the discrimination.
Existential inequality that means the denial of (equal) recognition and respect, reinforcing the stigma and the invisibility. People who live, sleep and get their living from the streets suffer the most serious forms of inequality, violence and social vulnerability.

A statistical overview of kidnapping in Mexico from 1997 to 2010 is presented. Based on records of preliminary reports, subjections to process and number of convictions by state and year, it was possible to estimate rates of occurrence of events, the number of subjects to process for each preliminary investigation and number of convictions for each preliminary investigation record at the national level. The levels, tendencies and spatial distribution of these indicators allow for the visualization of crime incidence and help approximate the effectiveness of law enforcement. Results show a decrease in the phenomenon up until the middle of the observation process and an increase during 2005-2010. The spatial perspective reveals the prominence of the southern states at the beginning of the study period and of the northern ones towards the end. Nevertheless, the study also points some important inconsistencies and irregularities of the statistical information available.