Population and human rights

The generalization of the ageing process, and the diversity of social, economic and cultural scenarios that this process constitutes for the elderly have configured a demand for research which poses new challenges.
In this regard, conceptual progress is important, but the methodological and operationalization challenges still persist. Three theoretical dimensions have been systematized for Latin America for the study of old age, and specific indicators systems have been proposed. As far as the methodological aspect is concerned, this has been less clear on how to proceed in uneven national contexts, and with the available data sources.
Within this framework, we ask ourselves which possibilities there are to advance in the study of the elderly based on the information that is available in four countries in Latin America. Therefore, this research proposes to explore the available data sources taking as a reference the proposal for indicators made by CELADE (2006), with a view from the Human Rights Based Approach. An exploratory design is put forward, based on the analysis of questionnaires of a selection of data sources.

Considerable evidence has shown that women’s reproductive rights are frequently violated in public-hospital settings in Mexico. In some cases, physicians have been extremely authoritarian and repressive. Their actions can only be interpreted within the framework of gender and power inequity that characterizes these encounters. Why do physicians treat patients in these ways? This area of research must keep in mind the imbalance of power within the physician-patient relationship, in which one actor is invested with power/knowledge and the other is “only a patient.” The imbalance is even greater during gynecological or obstetrical procedures because of a woman’s physical and emotional vulnerability during pregnancy and labor. We present results of a research focused on three dimensions that, we surmise, disclose in particularly clear ways the social origins of medical authoritarianism and doctors inclination to violate women’s rights: the formation of medical doctors at school, their daily practice at the hospital, and the way they defend themselves in court when they face formal accusations by former patients. This is a qualitative research and its design is guided by a grounded theory approach. The aim of this this paper is to present the main findings of this research conducted over the last 12 years.

Human being has been learning about conflict since its origin as a species. That knowledge, then, is not a neat, concentrated package ready to be passed along or handed down. It is spread across humanity. It resides wherever humans live, work and play. It is what we would call "folk knowledge," used continuously in everyday life, in every society--in commerce, family relations, government, sport, child-rearing. The ways of "doing" conflict in and between societies around the world are legion. It is passed down from parent to child, from generation to generation. It is transmitted from one life experience to the next. It is created within generations, as humans learn better how to regulate their interaction with minimal cost. The conflicts of value among different civilizations seem so uncompromising that some scholars hold that conflict of the world should be the conflict between different civilizations in the future world. In fact, different value systems of different cultural patterns are melting and identifying with each other constantly while they are conflicting and contradicting with each other. This paper deals with development of human conflict from 19 century onwards. It makes a discussion on group conflict, Political conflict and impact of Globalization on Human conflict.

The authors try to see different stages of democracy by setting an imaginary line at longitude 116½° east to compare democracy among provinces in Indonesia.

There is a quantitative variable namely voter turnout considered as one of more reliable proxy for level of democracy . Linear correlation between voter turnout and Gini coefficient is +0.424 for eastern part of Indonesia and 3 additional provinces namely Kepulauan Riau, Yogya, Central Kalimantan n=15 for the other n=18 western provinces linear correlation is -0.4276.

Another more reliable proxy for Indonesia democracy is number of reported protest demonstrations mostly found in big cities. Percentage of poor people in big cities is used as proxy to provincial figures. Linear correlation between reported protest demonstrations and percentage of poor people in big cities is -0.5194 for twenty two provinces in the west and 0.25169 for ten provinces in the east except Western Sulawesi.

Government policy and administration concerning indigenous peoples in early Commonwealth Australia encompassed many human rights abuses and population control including removal of children from families, forced migration, oversight of marriage and family life, regulation of employment and wages and access to natural resources. This paper documents the role of population data and information systems in these policy and administrative domains in early Commonwealth Australia using the Northern Territory as a case study. In focusing on the role of demographic data in Australian Aboriginal affairs this paper contributes to the construction of a comprehensive historical record regarding the use of population data systems as well as the promotion of discourse among demographers and social statisticians concerning the ethical dimensions of the collection, analysis and use of population data in social programs and policy formation. The specific goals are to document the existence of population data and information systems in Aboriginal administration, and to reveal, where possible, the connections between the collection and use of data and demographic information that contribute to human rights violations of Indigenous Australian persons, families and communities in the Territory.

Population and Human Rights: A Study on Dhankut –An Endogamous Group of Bahraich of U.P., India
Dr Alok Chantia, Assistant Professor (Anthropology), KKC, Lucknow University, Lucknow , India
alokchantia@gmail.com , alokchantia@airo.org.in
Dr. Preeti Misra, Associate Professor (Human Rights), BBA University, Lucknow , India
Population is always considered as in ratio of natural resources and state takes it under the frame of right to life, right to food , right to shelter, right to health , right to equality etc. and also in the bracket of sustainability and this thought got more pace after the 1948 when Universal declaration Human rights (UDHR) came in light by an effort of UNO but no one can deny the role of culture which its initial stage of inception was nothing but a good device and tool of protection of human being . It is a bare fact that all religion under different culture have never used the word Human rights in their documents, so Human rights makes and presents a new horizon in the era of globalization in the frame of dignity, equality, liberty , development but Human right is not meant of role of state and fulfilment of basic requirement of life but also it gives the meaning of mechanical solidarity and feeling of identity too . it shows that population growth is inversely proportional to human rights

Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the beginning of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during industrialization and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous and often fatal working conditions. The inhuman conditions under which child labourers work, the exploitation they face, the neglect they experience and the work that deprives them from developmental opportunities are matters of serious concern. It is in this perspective that an attempt has been made in this paper to look at this issue in line with development. More specifically in terms of meaning of child labour and measurement issues, global trends, sectors or areas where it is practiced, causes, consequences, government interventions, limits and way forward.

Growing magnitude of population, urbanization, globalization, and technological changes currently present new problems all over the world with respect to employment. In India, the employment situation has changed considerably in the recent years. Many who were enjoying the assured long term jobs had to loose their job in the middle of their career years. This interrupted employment scenario and how these families are adapting in the new economic scenario is analysed in this paper. This situation is analysed in a human right angle.

This paper is based on a primary study conducted in the city of Mumbai (a fully urbanised city where a large number of industries are/were closing down) in India. Information was collected from 250 ex-workers whose employments were interrupted due to closure or huge retrenchment. Two stage sampling technique was used. First, the industries which were closed down or retrenched large number of workers, were selected. From these, a total of 250 ex-workers were selected using purposive sampling method using snowball technique (100 from non-textile industry and 150 from textile industry). The respondents for the semi structured questionnaire were the ex-worker or his/her spouse. Few case studies were also conducted.

Documenting the effects of conflict is impeded by data unavailability. Utilising data with retrospective questions addresses this challenge since it generates quasi-longitudinal information. Individual testimonies collected by Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRC) established in South Africa and Sierra Leone are characteristic of these types of data because they enable victims to retrospectively recount human rights abuses. The 2004 Sierra Leone TRC dataset exemplifies a unique human rights data, enabling researchers to document the effects of the Sierra Leone civil war, 1991-2002. The data emanated from testimonies by 7,706 Sierra Leoneans. It is a human rights database with seventeen categories of violations summarised to: killing, forced displacement, destruction of property, sexual violence, physical abuse, arbitrary detention, forced imprisonment and pillaging. Quantification of the testimonies resulted in 40,242 violations records. This study documents the effects of the conflict through geospatial mapping of violations at different administrative levels. The analysis is important because the effects of conflict are asymmetrically distributed across the regions affected. This paper asserts that regional differences in human rights violations underlie these variations in the post-war population distribution.

Gender mainstreaming has been a fundamental in the Gender and Development discourse. This has necessitated simplifying concepts related to gender inequality which in turn has created unrealistic expectations as to the ways in which social change takes place. It has thus legitimized an approach of rolling out programs, getting a few “jobs for the girls” and making development cooperation ‘right’ for women as main instruments of change. The strategy, which was linked to dominant existing modernization paradigm of the 1960s and 1970s, was also only concerned with women-specific activities, where women were seen as passive recipients of development assistance like the provision of extension services, credit facilities and other income generation activities. There is still a long way to go before we have managed to significantly reduce inequalities between women and men globally. Equality between men and women constitutes an indicator of success in good governance. However women are not treated equally in governance institution and process. The gender issues become a core consideration not simply for specific departments or ministries dealing with women, but for all actors across a range of issue-areas and also at all stages in the policy process from conception and legislation to implementation and evaluation.