Poster session on Internal migration and urbanization (1)

Youth migration has its immense importance as a development parameter. Young people of age 15-24 years constitute 35% of India’s total population (2001 census) which represents India’s future in the socio-economic and political realms. The EAG (Empowered Action Group) states plays a vital role in youth migration and are undergoing faster economic and social change to reduce the regional disparity. The study has three objectives: To study spatial patterns of youth migration in India focusing on EAG states and to understand the characteristics of youth migration. To establish the linkages between youth migration and development. This study is based on 2001 census data D- series, and age group is 15-24 years and development variables from various reports of Planning Commission, Central Statistical Organization and CMIE reports. Regional disparity in development influences flow of inter-state youth migration streams. The youths mostly migrate from the EAG states to other more developed states.

We-human being exercise different rights and duties depending on our ages, not to mention all our status and experience. Likewise some rights cannot be fully applicable to certain countries at certain time due to their limited economical, physical and/or other capacities. Based on analyses of statistical yearbooks and survey reports on internal migration produced between 2000 and 2010 in Mongolia, the paper investigates consequences of the rural-urban migration and explains why migration should be controlled internally. Main argument is that any actions of state, society or individuals should be taken within the Law with the consideration of Human Rights rather than they should be ruled by the Rights and Freedoms.

Present study aims to answer the question whether labour migration has increased or not during last one and half decade since the introduction of new economic policy in 1991 in the country? Utilizing the Unit Level Data of the 49th (1993), 55th (1999-2000) and ¬¬64th (2007-08) rounds of National Sample Survey of India we have focussed to study the trends and patterns of labour migration in India. The paper also endeavours to study the trends in labour migration among different social groups and monthly per capita expenditure classes and tries to assess the change in probability of labour migration bye socioeconomic factors using multivariate analysis. Preliminary results suggest a declining trend of labour migration in rural and urban areas with a small increase in male migration rate in urban areas during 1999-2000 to 2007-08. We observe a moderate decline in migration in the less educated population whereas decline is very sharp for the middle and higher educated class. Similarly labour declined steeply among socio-economically backward classes. This period also observes a comparatively higher decline in the labour migration in rural areas among the poorest of the poor than rich while in urban labour migration has increased in affluent class.

This paper answers two issues on the inter-provincial flow for rural floating laborers in China. Firstly, what are the influencing factors of rural floating laborers’ decisions in taking inter-provincial flow or not? Secondly, what are the factors that make the ingoing provinces more attractive for inter-provincial floating laborers? Paper bases on traditional theory, human capital theory, new theory and institution change theory of labor migration, and use discrete choice logit model with fixed effect and random effect.
Individual, familial and provincial characteristics are significantly affecting floating laborers’ decision: education and floating experience of laborer, number of children and way of land being cultivated in a family, per capita income and land per capita of the outgoing provinces have significant positive or negative impacts on odds ratio of inter-provincial flow.
Economic factors have a dominant role in ingoing provinces’ attractiveness: shorter distance between outgoing and ingoing provinces, higher per capita income, larger probability of employment and higher level of development, lead to larger attractiveness of the ingoing provinces for rural floating laborers.
Keywords: Inter-Provincial Flow; Attractiveness of Ingoing Province; Individual, Familial and Provincial; Discrete Choice Logit Model

This paper discusses some key conceptual and policy issues to understand the linkages between population mobility and development in the Amazon. The empirical evidences are from a representative longitudinal sample of individuals, households and communities in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA) collected between 1990 and 1999. Based on this data it is identified the levels and patterns of rural out-migration (to other rural areas or urban areas) and off-farm employment (labor circulation) within the community, to urban areas or other rural areas, as well as the motivations and reasons to engage in mobility by type of farm household (in order to distinguish older or new cohorts of settlements). It is also assessed the main drivers of population mobility based on previous multivariate studies and how they can inform specific public policies for the region. The paper ends with some implications of the results for policymaking in the Amazon, highlighting the need to understand the multi-scale nature of processes involving the causes and consequences of population mobility on regional development and its impacts on rural and urban areas.

“Sato-gaeri”: The Culture of Population Mobility During
The Bon Festival in Kikai-jima, Amami Island, Japan

In the 1960s, many people left their village for cities or urban centres in Japan to get a job or to study continuously and this is the beginning of the families which left villages and did not comeback. The conditions of this depopulation drove me to conducts this research on the phenomena of people returning to their home town (satogaeri) during the Bon festival. For the purposes of this study, qualitative approach was employed to gain in-depth knowledge related to the people moved to cities and the families are left behind. The study was conducted in Japan there are the Kikai Island, Kagoshima City, Uji-Shi, Nagoya City, Kobe –Nishinomiya, and Osaka in Japan.
The Bon festival for Kikai-jima people is exist but not all the families lives in mainland Japan come to home. On the condition, especially for old people did not very happy because not all the children gathered in home. The most of linkage the Kikai-jima people lives in mainland and the family live behind only for appreciate as to send the parcels for ancestors or telphon call with her or his mother and father. For the family live behind the situation as usually and to understand about the situation. But, some of Kikai-jima people lives

The economic hardships experienced by many young people in Africa and in Ghana have resulted in the creation of several strategies in search of better livelihoods. In Ghana as in many other places, many people move from rural areas to urban areas end up on the streets as street vendors (Kwankye, Anarfi, Tagoe, & Castaldo, 2007; W. Mitullah, 2003; W. V. Mitullah, 2005). Using qualitative methods, this study seeks to explore vendors’ reason for (migrating and) vending. In doing so, the study gives an account of survival and goal strategies of vendors and the obstacles they face. The results show that, vendors use street vending as a means to acquire money for education or careers they really want to do. Street vending seemed to be the only job that was available and most people on the street see vending as a way to acquire money quickly. However, street vending is associated with a lot of health problems including reproductive health problems. Again, it appears hawker’s markets are not enough nor convenient for vendors. It also revealed that the strategies that migrants adopt often end up becoming obstacles in the achievement of their goals.
Keywords: street vendors, hawking, migration, goals, Ghana

India’s urban population increased over the period 2001-11 primarily on account of formation of 2,532 new census towns all over the country. Since a census town is a non-statutory town its investment needs for provision of public goods and services are not given the same importance as cities covered under the national mission. This has adverse implications for millions of dwellers in the cities not covered by the mission. This paper highlights five factors that will shape the well-being of city dwellers in India. First, will there be a concerted effort to tackle urbanization of poverty? Second, how will rising housing rents across the different cities be addressed? Third, housing rents will continue to increase since income elasticity of demand for rental housing is greater than one. Fourth, the redistribution of economic activities across rural-urban areas coupled with the absence of a robust economic base of most cities and towns of India will lead to an increase in number of workers commuting across rural-urban boundaries. Fifth, in light of lagging investments in Indian cites there are valid concerns that India will witness exclusionary urbanization.

Awareness about the innovation of health seeking behaviour leads adoption/practice of particular techniques. India’s 69 per cent of the population living in the rural areas (Population Census of India, 2011) and still usage of better health facilities are out reach of the rural residents.
The present study was conducted in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh (UP). This region is one the backward regions of India and it is characterised by agricultural economy, lack of industries and natural resources. According to the Population Census of India (2001) highest rural out-migrants rates were in UP. The highest rural out-migration rates was from Bundelkhand regions of UP. We have interviewed 360 farmers from six villages in two districts equally.
Study shows that migrant household was more health conscious and better aware about the health seeking mechanisms than non-migrant household. Member of the migrant household have better socio-economic status and more exposure about the urban life style due to migration. Migrant households have not faith in the herbal and religious practice for treatment. Most of the migrant households have used private hospital for the treatment as they have better economic conditions.

The social change observed in the studies undertaken so far in the developed countries like USA and Europe’s cites significant relationship changes between agrarian and non-agrarian societies. The cities have been using the surplus labour from the farms in order to prosper the industries it has started producing goods meant primarily for their own consumption. The communities living around the rural hinterland tend to impact the socio-cultural characteristics of the local communities by its dominant numerical strength. The demise of the cultural values of the residents after the urban sprawl catches them are more so evident in the cities in northern India particularly those of Delhi NCR.

The villagers tend to change the occupation pattern as a result of urbanisation, the constant loss of agricultural land over the periods has also affected the social changes within the community such land ownership, marriages, cultural events etc. What would be scope for the preservation of cultural forms in society? How the villages inside the urban complex maintain its identity? How massive influx of people, and changes in land use affects villagers relationships with others in rural hinterland.