Poster session on Internal migration and urbanization (1)

The several forms of migration and mobility are factors that historically have played an important role in the socioeconomic development of a country. Among the many types of migration, is one that will be focused in this study: the return migration, one of main events in population dynamics in the last decades. Therefore, the main objective this article will be to discuss some theoretical elements relevant to studies about return migration and, second, examine the direct effect this kind of migration by Units of the Federation (UFs) in Brazil for five-years periods 1986/1991, 1995/2000 e 2005/2010. Thus, it will be possible assess the return of natural to UFs, as well as short-term migration (migration of full return). To this end, the data will be used in the sample Censuses of 1991, 2000 and 2010 and the digital grid Brazilian states.
Keywords: migration; return migration; spatial distribution; Brazil.

The aim of this paper is to describe the process of socio-spatial segregation in the 2000s and the most important changes comparing to the past decade, using as a case study the metropolitan area of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the context of decline of demographic growth, migration and the new forms of occupation of the space, as seen in the Brazilian big cities, this metropolitan area looks like to have modified its characteristics in this period of time. The municipalities with more growth in 2000s were those with better conditions. In this way, we propose not only to present these changes, but also analyze the role of migration and the characteristics of the people who redistribute themselves inside the metropolitan space. In order to do that, we will use mainly the Brazilian demographic census of 2010, comparing the results with the analysis of the census of 2000. We also hope to determinate if the space, in terms of place of residence, has a strong impact over the insertion of people in the labor market.

Female migration within India is highly variable in terms of their tendencies to migrate depending on their social status, socioeconomic positions at origin, religion, regional cultural differences, and demand for female labour. However, more recently female migration have increased and diversified. Women with rural origin are increasingly on move to India’s dynamic urban. This study tried to understand the extent of social contacts of female migrants at place of origin and destination and neighbourhood relations at destination. The paper is based on quantitative data collected from 585 female migrants and few in-depth interviews conducted in eight densely populated slums of Mumbai. Findings suggest female migrants feel well adjusted in the city. They not only have high interaction with people from other caste and religion in their neighbourhood but also trust them and rely on them for support. Those with longer duration of stay have developed higher support at the destination.

Objective
To identify dietary practices and associated factors among women in an urbanizing setting in the district of Colombo

Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in one administrative area among 304 adult females actively participated in household food preparation, selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. An interviewer-administered-questionnaire collected information on socio-demography, dietary practices and knowledge on diet related to NCD

Results
The majority was aged 30–39 (46.6%); married (93.1%); had primary education (99%). Over 90% consumed home-made food, mostly rice-based (>80%) as main meals on both weekdays and weekends. Wheat-based products were preferred (>70%) when eating-out.

The majority (86.2%) consumed snacks, of which 77.3% preferred unhealthy snacks. 74.3% preferred tea as beverage; average consumption of 3.8 (SD=2.17) cups/day.

Vegetables (70.7%), fruits (39.1%), whole grain (79.9%), pulses (75.7%), eggs (55.3%), milk (91.8%), red-meat (95.7%), deep-fried-food (61.8%) were sub-optimally consumed.

80% consumed low-fiber diet 57% consumed energy-dense foods in excess. Only the latter was significantly higher in the 20-39 age group (p<0.05)

Conclusion
Energy-dense and low-fiber foods define urban diet among Sri Lankan women

In spite of being the most densely populated countries in the world with urbanization and urban growth rates faster than other populous countries like, China and India, the issue of internal migration of Bangladesh has not been analyzed in detail where the effect of internal migration cannot be over emphasized. With the national level data of the Sample Vital Registration System of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, this study explores the trends, direction and causes of migration. Data of life time internal migrants shows a relatively stable rate of migration during 60’s and 70’s but in 80’s and 90’s has increased. Currently population movement has increased manifolds. Higher in-migration occurred in urban areas than in rural areas and there has always been an increasing trend in internal migration. Marriages, job search, acquiring job are the major causes of rural in-migration whereas job search, marriage, acquiring job and education are the causes of urban in-migration. For the age groups of 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29, female are always higher than male both in case of in and out-migration. This study would enable the policy makers to design appropriate policies for taking care of the problems of unemployment, regional disparity, and unplanned urbanization.

India is urbanizing rapidly and about 377 million people live in 7935 towns/cities(census, 2011) across the country which constitutes about 31.2 % of the total population. The number of towns has significantly increased from 5161 in 2001 to 7935 in 2011. During the fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, the country experienced rapid growth of its urban population. But during the last few decades India has experienced urban deceleration. The country has experienced a noticeable slowing down of the rate of urbanization and urban growth in the past two decades(1981-1991 and 1991-2001). But there has been an urban turn around in 2011 which reported an acceleration of urbanization. For the first time since independence, the absolute increase in urban population exceeded to that of the increase in rural population though 69% of the total population live in rural areas which is highly significant. There is high inequality in the distribution of the urban population by size class categories. About 70% of the total urban population(265 million) live in 468 towns which is also reflected in Gini Index and Lorenz curve. Against this background, the recently released 2011 census data provides an opportunity to explore and analyse this urban turn around.

In IranFollowing thachieving development,cities have expanded.In such condition,the migration process from villages to cities showed an increasing rate and in this process,modern cities like Tehran have been forced to accept a large number of migrants that immigrated to Tehran from their origins in seeking an improvement of their lives.Continuation of this process not only led to enlargement of cities in term of size,but also caused formation of new towns that has been continuing to this time.Therefore the process of replacement of individuals changed the population figure of Iran from majority rural to majority urban citizens.Based on the last statistics,this newly arrived population seeks jobs to earn livings;however as they lack sufficient specialty in undertaking urban jobs,they inevitably make the secondary jobs enlarged.This paper uses secondary analysis method to study enlargement of Tehran,formation of new cities in its margin as an impact of migration process and changes in population figure of Iran in the framework of increase in job seeking with emphasize on immigrants age and gender.
Keywords:Migration,expansion of cities,Tehran province,secondary jobs,rural majority,urban citizen majority

China has experienced a booming development of urbanization since reform and opening-up. China's urbanization level reached 51% in 2011, thus achieving “urban transition”. However, China's urbanization level is currently overestimated, which is mainly reflected by a high proportion of agricultural population in the urban population. China's urban population contains more than 300 million agricultural population who cannot enjoy the urban social security system and are not real urban residents.

Analyzing characteristics of China's urbanization, this paper reveals the existing problems in China's urbanization and emphasizes the need for China to solve these problems and realize a complete urbanization. In addition, the projection of the proportion urban of China is carried out and the future direction of China’s urbanization is also explored. The paper argues that, to make China’s urbanization advance efficiently, attention must be paid to deepening the reform of the household registration system and a series of related policies, consolidating the contribution of population migration to China's urbanization and allowing rural-urban migrants to be urbanized.

Previous Chinese census data, previous China 1% population sample survey data and other data published by National Bureau of Statistics of China are used in the paper.

Migration is an important component of population change in Malawi. Unfortunately, like in other African countries, reliable data on migration is difficult to collect. The aim of this study is to provide estimates of net internal migration for regions and districts in Malawi using indirect estimation procedure based on survival ratios. These methods have been under-utilised in demographic research in the country largely as a result of stringent assumptions. The results indicate that during the past four decades the pattern of internal migration in Malawi has changed. Northern Region has moved from being a net sender of people to a receiver whereas the opposite is true for Southern Region and Central Region has continued to experience net in-migration. There are migration differentials by districts and sex. The number of female migrants has increased. The above migration patterns resemble the nature of social and economic development in the province. One policy implication of the study is that efforts should continue being made to make the sending areas more attractive so as to reduce the inflow of people to the crowded and more affluent areas.

Previous national migration surveys in Vietnam showed the existence of two-track system migration, consisting of permanent and temporary migration. This paper identify the differences and similarities between different groups of migrant included permanent migrants, permanent-temporary migrants and temporary-temporary migrants and factors association with the dichotomy between groups of migrant. We used data from a migration survey conducted in two major destinations for migration in 2008. Results show that migrants in cities are a heterogeneous group. Temporary migrants are much younger, healthier and more likely to be single than permanent migrants; but they are facing more stress and having a worse economic life. They are more likely to work in private sectors, involve with temporary or seasonal, dangerous and noxious jobs; however, they have lower income and socio security compared to permanent migrants. Permanent-temporary migrants have the same demographic characteristics compared to temporary-temporary migrant, but the characteristics of employment and income are closer to permanent migrants. Reasons of migration, the characteristics of employment and relatives in the city are especially important for increasing the likelihood of permanent migration.