Work-family and work-life issues

The financial demands and cost of living on the Indian families are tremendously increasing. As a result women which is known as homemakers are forced to go for jobs. Working women are faced with lot more challenges. The major burden of running the family is on the shoulders of women. They have to take up a 9-5 job plus handle all the household chores.
In this paper, life of working women both married and never married in different services sector organizations of Mumbai is investigated. Population used for the study was all working women working who commuting by the local train.
The study employs data that include qualitative information. Qualitative data include primary source. It is collected through a survey (self administered questionnaire).Interview schedule has been carried out between March 2012 and April 2012.Respondent have been selected from the Mumbai area like Dadar, Ghatkopar, Thane, Bhandup, Vikroli, Govandi and in Navi-Mumbai (Airoli , Ghansoli, vashi, ) of Maharashtra State.
The study shows that married working women faced more problems like balancing work-family life; less leisure time, less autonomy than never married working women. Very less amount of money is spent on health, major spending is done on household things.

Mexico has no genuine state public policies designed to ensure the treatment, everyday care and well-being of senior citizens. In view of this discouraging outlook, it is families, mainly women, who continue to be responsible for looking after senior citizens thereby increasing these women’s workloads. The previous situation leads directly to the theme of the work-family link, as a result of which this paper contains a proposal constituting an exploratory approach that attempts the simultaneous use of data sources clearly identified with qualitative and quantitative research styles. One of the main objectives of the paper is to analyze the interrelationship between several of the life trajectories (work, school, conjugal and reproductive ) comprising women’s life courses. A typology was drawn up to describe the link between family and work. In order to achieve this, the problem has been inscribed within the life-course approach that rejects homogeneity and temporal linearity and assumes a multidimensional conception of time. Our starting point has been a purely qualitative study of a group of women from the urban middle class in Mexico. The source of information comprises the Retrospective Demographic Survey taken by the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics in 1998.

This study examines whether work and family balance differs by the employment status of female workers. Work-family policy benefits are not always entitled to those who are self-employed or family-owned business workers. Whereas well-established welfare states provide self-employed workers with benefits through social insurance plan under certain criteria, other countries do not provide benefits to self-employed workers. In Korea, the self-employed female workers reamin uncovered by work-family policy. While self-employed workers are believed having considerable control over their work, they also experience work-family conflict (Kirkwood & Tootell, 2008; Loscocco, 1997; Parasuraman & Cimmers, 2001). Using the 2010 Korea Family Survey which is a nationally representative data, this study compared the work-family balance of the self-employed (n=135) and the employed (n=226) after controlling individual and work characteristics of the two groups. The results showed that even after controlling for those covariates, the self-employed female workers had lower level of perceived work-family balance than the employed female workers. These results manifest that we need to develop work-family policy for the self-employed or family-employed female workers. They remain uncovered in maternity and parental benefits.

Publicly provided or subsidized childcare for children under three years is rising in many European countries. This should reduce conflicts between family and work and thus stimulate fertility. However, previous studies investigating this relationship found inconsistent results. This paper examines the impact of publicly provided or subsidized childcare on individual childbearing behavior in Germany. In addition to childcare services, also childcare attitudes are considered. The central argument is that childcare provision might incentivize entry into motherhood given that women generally approve the concept of child-minding outside the family. Using discrete time hazard models, we analyze the new yearly German family panel pairfam combined with regional data for the period between 2008 and 2010.

Child labour is a serious social issue and globally, millions of children continue to work, putting at stake their education, health, normal development to adulthood, and even their lives. Basic objective of the study is to know the statewise prevelance of child labour in India and to explore the health status, substance abuse and causes of child labour in Delhi city. For this study, both primary and secondary data sources were used. Results reveal that Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar have highest prevalence of child labour in the country. Most of the children are working in agricultural (68 percent), manufacturing (17 percent), trade and hotel (9 percent) sector in India. Despite having legislation against child labour, children are continued to be engaged in significant numbers in hazardous and non-hazardous sectors. It has been found that majority of child labour’s heath status is in poor state and are living in very unhealthy conditions in Delhi as well as more than half of the children are using any type of substances in Delhi. Major causes of child labour in Delhi are forced worker, family poverty, illiteracy, orphan hood. Correlation analysis depicts that child labour has a significant association with poverty, unemployment, school attendance ratio.

Generally, lack of material resources for child care among low income or poor households has been emphasized in both research studies and policies that seek to address poor child nutritional and health status. But female time poverty resulting mainly from occupational and maternal role conflicts has also been identified by a number of studies as a factor associated with suboptimal child care. The present study examined the structural and institutional conditions that undermine the positive benefits of maternal education and occupation and the associated care behaviours among highly educated professional mothers in the city of Accra. The findings show that location of work place was a major factor associated with the ability of the mothers to combine child care activities with work. Long hours of travel to and from work due to heavy vehicular traffic prevented some from even enjoying fully the half-day work benefit for lactating mothers. Child care tasks are delegated to inexperienced house helps. It is recommended that policies that can reduce maternal and occupational role conflicts should be adopted to improve child care behaviours and outcomes among professional women in Accra and Ghana as a whole.

Female householder is appeared in rural areas resulted in their poor status and live mostly in the agricultural sector as family laborer.
This study aims to describe in detail the figure of peasant female-headed households. The design of this study is a qualitative research with case study technique. The location was determined intentionally considering that Kampung Babakan Salam in Desa Pangalengan. The informants are 12 people and being researched with census method. The data collection technique is triangulation.
The result of the study shows that the informants’ background of becoming female householders is being left by the death of their husband (58.33%). The selection of the job as farm laborers was picked because of the lack of knowledge and sufficient capital (58.33%) and by perforce (41.67%). In terms of demographics, the age of the informants ranged from 40-77 years with a relatively low level of education, which is only reached elementary school level (83.33%). The welfare condition of informants is belong to the very poor family/pra-sejahtera (83.33%), poor/ KS-I (8.33%), and fair prosperous/KS-II (8.33%). Almost all informants have dual role, either doing domestic or public
Keywords: Figure, female-headed households, farming laborer, family

Kinship linkages and family residence patterns influence the households’ adaptation to migration. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyse the working hours of wives of the out-migrant and non-migrant husbands and to study the decision making power of the wives of both the groups. Primary data has been collected during May-July 2011 in rural area of Garhwal, a district in the state of Uttarakhand in India. The total sample size is 262 left-behind wives due to husbands’ out-migration and 256 wives of non-migrants. It is observed that women spend most of their time in food preparation, cleaning, child care and livestock care and agricultural work. Looking into the total mean hours worked by the wives of both the groups, one can conclude that there is no difference in total working hours. This means that out-migration of husbands have not burdened their wives with extra working hours. Women participate widely in agricultural production in rural Garhwal, and in decision making related to agriculture production. Out-migration of husbands enhances the decision-making power of their wives. At the same time, increase in responsibilities of women which further declines the mental health of the left behind wives.

This paper aims to complete the existing work on National Transfer Accounts (NTA) for Italy, estimating National Time Transfer Accounts (NTTA). According to Eurostat, among European countries, Italy has the second lower female employment rate. Although about half of the female population is not employed in the labor market, women have a very important role in non-market production. The exclusion of unpaid domestic work from national accounts leads to an underestimation of total production and of that provided by women, who invest more time in productive activities dedicated to household and family care. This is of particular interest for Italy, since we assume that the strong Mediterranean family model together with the absence of effective social protection policies, may result in high levels of non-monetary transfers between family members and, hence, of non-monetary production.
Our preliminary results highlight the existence of strong gender inequalities in household production. As we will develop our analysis, we expect to evaluate the extent of gender inequality both in market and non-market production. Then, we will focus on intergenerational private transfers trying to give an insight on family role in supporting deficit ages and transmitting well-being in the Italian institutional setting.

We study the parent-child transmission of gender roles in Spain using the Time-Use Survey of 2009-2010 (INE). Although this topic has been studied in other countries where gender differences are lower, there are few studies that analyze the phenomenon in a country where differences between male and female are more pronounced and traditional gender roles are more established. Using an indicator based on differences in unpaid work between siblings of different gender, we analyze the effects of parent characteristics, such as mothers’ occupation, fathers’ participation in domestic work, household income and parents’ education on the degree of transmission of gender roles. These variables are shown to explain much of the variation in child gender roles, supporting an important effect of child-parent mimicry in gendered behavior.