Education and labour force

This paper presents the Skilled Population strategy that helped Egypt as a developing country to reach the goal of having and making the best use of a high-quality pool of skills. The model has been applied by the industrial modernization center, The EU joint program with the Egyptian Government. The project has been applied in Egypt, On Damietta city, to enhance different industrial sectors .
This program has developed a global Skills Strategy as an integrated, cross-government strategic framework that helps Egypt to identify the strengths and weaknesses of its national skills system, benchmark them internationally, and develop policies that can transform better skills into better jobs, which resulted with economic growth and social inclusion
The expected outcomes from this Model, is an approach Skills Strategy that shifts the focus from traditional measures of skills, to a much broader perspective over a whole lifetime.
In addition, the paper points out skills value, that should be continuously maintaining and upgrading throughout life to compete and connect in ways that drive economies and societies forward.

Drawing on Brazilian evidences spanning an interval of the last three decades, regularities and disruptions in the incidence of over- and under-education are outlined, as well as consequences for individual earnings. This paper studies the impact of increased schooling in the labor market between 1982 and 2012, from the perspective of occupational allocation, and uses the data from large Brazilian. We compute indicators of mismatch, trying to interpret whether this reflects over-education or increased skills requirements. Hierarchical regression models are estimated to capture the effects of mismatch on individual wage returns by gender and race, controlling for occupational characteristics. Preliminary results indicate both an increase of mismatch over the period and suggest increased skills requirements. And it was found that the wage returns are lower among the overeducated and higher for undereducated when compared to similar individuals in the same occupations, over the entire period.

Using data from the ‘Youth in India: Situation and Needs’ survey, this paper provides perhaps the first estimates of inequality of opportunity in schooling outcomes for males and females separately for India. The inequality of educational opportunity in completion of primary (and secondary) schooling among females is more than twice (and nearly twice) than that among males. Further, among females only 20% of total schooling opportunities needed for universal completion of secondary schooling are available and equitably distributed; a figure substantially lower than that for males (35%). We also find stark inter-state variations in gender-differential in inequality of educational opportunities.

There is widespread concern about population aging affects macroeconomic variables and public sector fiscal balance, especially in Latin America. A second related issue is how the public social security system affects retirement behavior of older workers. The literature on the determinants of male retirement in developed countries is extensive. However, little is known about possible impacts of public welfare, especially in countries with large public systems of this relationship. The main explanation for early retirement in developed countries is the existence of generous pension programs and increased income and wealth of workers. However, there are several criticisms of the results presented for two main reasons: first, that the output of the elderly labor market creates jobs for younger workers and, secondly, that older workers leave the force work due to health issues. The aim of this paper is to investigate these two hypotheses for Latin America over the last two decades. The region is an interesting and important study because it has been undergoing a period of major demographic changes that have major impacts on the economy and the public pension system, and is also observing a change in the disease profile of the population that enable proper investigation of the problem.

Previous research has examined individual characteristics to investigate disparities in body mass index (BMI). Employment status is a critical socioeconomic condition which has diverse influences on BMI. Workplace is a fundamental social context in which people develop regulatory social relationships and workers come to have healthy eating habits as a result. In addition, women in workplace are more disadvantaged in job security than males because of long-standing male-oriented social hierarchy system, so female workers may feel stronger psychological distress and unhealthy eating habits as a result. In the meanwhile, female workers may show lower BMI than male counterparts because females tend to regulate their eating habits to look attractive when they are involved in social community. Using 2010 Korean General Social Survey, the authors examine whether employment status is associated with body mass index(BMI) with adjustment for correlates. We also investigate whether gender moderates this association. Our findings reveal that being employed is associated with increased BMI with adjustment for confounders. Results of regression which tests an interaction term of employment status and gender demonstrate that female workers show lower levels of BMI than male workers.

Education enhance values of women’s time and open window of opportunities to work outside home. Having young children who need care lower the chance of married and single mothers' participation in economically productive activities, but education significantly can flip-flop the scenario. This paper aims to test the hypothesis of employment and wage return to education and fertility in Northeast India. Data representative of Northeast India from India Human Development Survey (IHDS 2004-05) is used in the study and for econometric analysis Heckman two step models is employed. It is found that most women are educated only up to high school level. Majorities (71 percent) of the women are not working and 70 percent reported as working are self employed. Average annual income of working women in NE India is Rs. 52,577. Educational attainment and age are significant determinants of women’s wage. Mean income of women with one child are found to be higher than with two or more children. Earning of urban women who have better employment opportunities are significantly higher than their rural counterparts.

This paper is an effort to identify the difference between government and private primary schools in terms of physical infrastructure, schooling costs and student’s performance. It also assessed the role of physical infrastructure and schooling costs on the performance of students. The results present a distinct picture of government and private primary school education in India in terms of physical infrastructure standards, schooling cost and performance of students. In all the three selected indicators, private primary schools remained a forerunner or outperform the government primary schools in India. Beside this, the physical infrastructure and schooling cost found to have effect on performance of students both in private and public schools. Since, government primary schools hold more than seventy percent of total students, there is an urgent need to improve the standards of primary education in these schools. Further, efforts are needed to reduce the gaps between private and public schools in terms of its basic physical facilities and performance of students in the country.

Much of the recent research has focused on the quality of labour force but the prospective labour force also needs attention so that they become educated and more productive. This paper examines the level of school participation of children considering that educational attainment and quality of labour force are not mutually exclusive. We also examined age appropriate enrollment, rural urban differential in school continuation, and relative influence of socio-economic, contextual and area specific variables on out of school children. The reasons of never enrolled and school dropout are also analysed. The results indicate that a significant proportion of population in 10-19 years age group are still out of school with urban poor having the highest risk for never enrolled and dropout. Further it has been observe that presence of adult literate female in a household increases the likelihood of school enrollment for a child. The findings also suggest that a significant proportion of children are not in appropriate grade for their age which increases the incidence of school dropout. To conclude we may say that a significant proportion of the prospective labour force is never enrolled, some are not enrolled in the appropriate grade and some are school dropouts.

With the heterogeneous distribution of knowledge-intensive occupations throughout Mexican cities, it is natural to ask what drives sectors of society to establish in one place or another. Whether responding to access to resources necessary to develop activities, the sense of ‘belonging’ somewhere or the availability of a particular desired service, it is evident that some regions amass larger quantities of human capital than others. How is the human capital distributed over the urban areas in Mexico? What significant differences can be found between age, gender, schooling and experience of the workforce? In this study, 56 metropolitan cities are considered and studied as members of a proposed network with 18 regional nodes. Work is carried out to try and support or refute that education services appropriately represented by this network. It is shown that higher level educational institutions are clustered in some regions of the country thus may not necessarily conform to where the human capital is located. Furthermore, this is explored by means of educational attainment for males and females and different cohorts in a 10-year span for the general population and for those in or with a graduate degree. Finally, the relationship between the regional nodes, educational offer and migration flows is studied.

This paper estimates returns to education in India using a nationally representative survey. We estimate the standard Mincerian wage equation separately for the rural and urban sectors. To account for the possibility of sample selection bias, Heckman two-step procedure is used. The findings indicate that returns to education increase with the level of education and differ for rural and urban residents. Private rates of return are higher for graduation level in both the sectors. In general, the disadvantaged social groups of the society tend to earn lower wages. We find family background is an important determinant affecting the earnings of individuals. Using quantile regression method, we show that the effect of education is not the same across the wage distribution. Returns differ considerably within education groups across different points of the wage distribution. Returns to education are positive at all quantiles. The results show that the returns are lower at the bottom quantiles and are higher at the upper quantiles.