Gender-Based Violence

This paper asks to what extent that the exposure to mothers’ experience of intimate violence at young age affects women’s own intimate violence in the context of Thailand where the topic of gender-based violence remains understudied. We specifically explore how attitudes towards intimate violence can explain or mediate the relationship between the childhood’s exposure and women’s own intimate violence. Data from a survey of Intimate Partner Violence and Women’s Health in Thailand conducted in 2000 were used. A total of 2,818 women were included in the analysis. Findings show that mother’s IPV has a direct impact on women’s experiencing IPV and the effects are not mediated by women’s attitudes towards violence. Childhood exposure to parents’ IPV is consequential on women’s later life. Intimate partner violence is intergenerational transmission. Reducing level of violence against women, thus, will not only benefit current generation, but also later generations.

This paper seeks to analyse the influence of domestic violence on contraceptive use among currently married women while controlling for other factors that have been found to be related to cases of domestic violence. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses will be done on 2008/09 Kenya demographic and health survey women data. Preliminary results show that slapping, pushing, shaking or throwing an object to women are the common ways of physical domestic violence practiced in Kenya. The finding that majority of the currently married women using modern contraception have never been abused points to the fact that domestic violence carry implications on someone’s reproductive behaviour. Domestic violence also tend to vary with region, the study having found greater proportions of currently married women in Nyanza (60 percent) and Rift Valley (48 percent) reporting having physically violated than in Nairobi (16 percent). The proportion of women reporting having experienced domestic violence showed a steady increase with increase in the number of living children. Addressing domestic violence will yield to improved reproductive health through increased contraceptive use and reduced unwanted and unintended pregnancies.

This paper compares the beliefs of men and women about the justifiability of wife beating using data from representative samples of men 15 to 55 years old (N= 10534) and women 15-49 years old (N=10884) from four of the 10 poorest provinces in the Philippines. The four provinces differ substantially in religion and ethnic composition. Attitudes about the justifiability of wife beating is gauged from agreement to a series of hypothetical situations adopted from the Demographic and Health Survey questionnaire. Data is analyzed separately for men and women using binary logistic regression with agreement to the justifiability of wife beating under any of seven situations as dependent variable.
Predictors of justifiability of wife beating that are explored are individual characteristics of age, marital status and education. Religion and province are conceptualized as proxies for cultural influences which contain proscriptions about gender roles that could influence one’s views about wife beating. For men, an additional predictor is the belief that use of contraception may make a woman promiscuous. Separate regression runs are made for ever married respondents with addition of the variable, ever hit wife among men and ever been subjected to intimate partner violence among women.

Abstract
While studies abound on domestic violence especially on wife battering in urban centers, there had been little empirical studies on the type of violence each member of an household experience in rural areas, as rural areas are perceived as where cultural norms of the society are upheld. The aim of this paper therefore is to investigate the factors, types and consequences of violence each member of household faced, using gender based analysis.
The study anchors on conflict theory to explain the ways each member of household experience violence. The research design consists of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The quantitative method consists of questionnaire, while qualitative methods consist of indepth –interviewing (IDI) and key-Informant Interviewing (KII) and some case studies.The essence of triangulation is to make for the weakness of other methods. The sample size consist of 1000 thousand respondents to be chosen through multi- stage sampling techniques across the five states that makes up south-west Nigeria.
It is expected that this paper will provide the detailed analysis of the causes, perceptions, and consequences of violence on women, men, older persons, and children in rural areas.

The objective of this study is to investigate the emerging trend of social media orchestrated gender-based violence among youths in Nigeria. Nigeria has a population of one hundred and forty million people and a third of this population comprises of young people between the ages of 10 to 24 years with a youth literacy rate of 78.15%. Nigerian youths have adapted to the digitally savvy lifestyle and so are socially connected online. At least 1,714,000 Nigerians are on Facebook, with a good number of them being young. However, the ease of networking and communicating with people not known in real life has made youths vulnerable to predators, thus violence against women by friends met through social media has been on the rise. This study investigates social media orchestrated gender based violence among youths through a survey of social media users. A sample of 600 youths randomly drawn using the multistage sampling technique from Lagos state, the most populous state in Nigeria would constitute the study population. It is expected that the study will unravel the causes, prevalence and nature of social media orchestrated gender based violence and would serve as a basis for media literacy education.

This paper investigates the association between mass education and domestic violence against wives in rural Nepal. Previous research on domestic violence in South Asian societies reveals the important influence of prevailing patriarchal ideology and the subordinate status of women within the family. However, the recent spread of mass education is likely to have important consequences in the opposite direction. Using data from 1,778 currently married women and their husbands from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, we test the consequences of spread of mass education for domestic violence against wives. The results show that women’s childhood access to school, their parents’ schooling, and women’s own and their husbands' schooling each tend to reduce wives’ likelihood of experiencing domestic violence. Indeed husbands’ education is a particularly powerful force reducing domestic violence against wives. These associations explain the historical declines in the incidence of domestic violence against wives in Nepal.

Violence within the household has been emerged as a potential factor for physical, mental, sexual, reproductive and child health as well as contraceptive behaviour and infant mortality also. Physical violence against women is one of the gender based violence and affects women’s status in many ways. But which factors derive the dynamics of physical violence is not received adequate attention in India. This study examines the relationship between alcohol use and physical violence as a public health issue. For this study the most populous state of India which is Uttar Pradesh has been considered and the data has been taken from NFHS-III (2005-06). It was observed that 44 percent of women have been physically abused by their husbands. If their husband takes alcohol sometime and often the prevalence of physical violence has been found to be 58 and 77 percent respectively, however, it is only 38 percent in case where husband does not take alcohol. Logistic regression results show significant effects of husband’s alcohol drinking behaviour on physical violence. It was also observed that education, occupation, eligible women in house, standard of living, media exposure and proper spousal communication are possible predictive measures of physical violence.

This descriptive cross-sectional study documented the prevalence of sexual harassment (SH) among 250 consenting students of University College Hospital Ibadan’s school of nursing using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used to analyze the data at 5% level of significance. Mean age was 23.0 ± 4.1 years, 78.8% were females and 91.2% perceived SH to be common in the school. Fifty-eight percent of respondents (11.6% males, 46.4% females) had ever been sexually harassed. Main perpetrators of SH against females were male resident doctors (24.5%) and male patients (11.3%) while female colleagues (44.8%) and female patients (20.7%) were for males. Types of SH experienced were unwanted body contact (79.3%), breast contact (67.6%), enticement (45.5%), attempted rape (39.3%) and unwanted kiss (26.3%). Attending parties and mode of dressing were positively associated with experience of SH. Main coping strategies employed were reporting to school authority, ignoring the perpetrator, confrontation and breaking up the relationship. Sexual harassment is prevalent among the students studied with females more affected. Coping strategies adopted were adjudged ineffective. Institutional based interventions such as sensitization, capacity on coping strategy skills, legislation and policy reviews are needed

In Mexico, research has found intimate partner violence perpetrated by men against women (IPV) to be a serious problem. This study explores the determinants and context of partner violence in Mexico from the male perspective. To be able to understand the conditions in which conflict results in violence or not, both violent and non-violent men are investigated.
A national survey of reproductive health is used to examine the association between IPV and relevant socio-demographic and contextual characteristics. Data from a quantitative sample survey (N=500) conducted among male factory workers is analysed to explore more specific quantitative information related to IPV. Qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews are used to interpret and contextualize the patterns found from the quantitative analysis.
Findings suggest that IPV varies according to the life cycle of the couple. Two main topics of the dynamic of the relationship were shown important: a) the relative fulfilment of gender roles; b) the necessity of men to control the sexuality of their partners. The severity of violence experience during the childhood is also a key theme for understanding IPV.

This study focuses on the situation of abuse that men experienced during childhood and provides the opportunity to better understand the consequences of that abuse. The information is based on the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES). Data presented come from selected locations in: Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Mexico, India and Rwanda.

Men’s reports of experiencing violence during childhood are very common in all study locations.

Parents’ educational attainment, fathers’ participation in domestic duties or childcare, and equitable decision-making in the childhood home can all reduce the likelihood of violence.

Childhood experiences of violence are associated with later adoption of inequitable gender attitudes around decision-making, violence against women and notions of masculinity.

The most consistent influence on ever having perpetrated IPV is having witnessed one’s mother being hit by her male partner.

Childhood experiences of violence can also increase men’s likelihood to resort to violent means of conflict resolution in adulthood and can significantly influence how adult men interact with their partners and children beyond the domain of violence.

Violence against children has significant and noteworthy repercussions on the mental health of men as adults.