Gender-Based Violence

This paper examines two forms of gender-based violence in Mexico, forced sterilization and forced marriage by using two recent surveys: the 2011 National Survey on Household Dynamics and the Survey on Indigenous Women’s Health and Rights 2007. The first part of the paper reviews the concepts of gender-based violence and violence against women. It discusses the relationship among gender, power and violence in the Mexican context and how different actors (family members, and doctors) perpetrate these silenced forms of violence against women: forced sterilization and forced marriage –including selling women. The second section focuses on forced marriage, its prevalence (between 1.79% and 4%) and factors associated are studied. In the third part, sterilization without women’s consent (27%) is examined. The conclusion underscores how gender interacts with ethnicity and socioeconomic status in order to explain these two forms of gender-based violence. The need of further analyses and data are discussed.

This study analyses a cross sectional data on married women (15-29 Years) to examine their perception on sexual rights, gender roles and its association with experience of sexual & physical violence and sexual health problems. 80% women reported experiencing coercive sex by husband ever in their life time. Of this 55% (p<0.05) reported coercive sex during last 12 months; 49% (p<0.05) reported physical violence and 71% (p<0.05) reported mental violence from their husband. Among the women who experience sexual violence (ever), 44% had at least one STD symptoms during the last 6 months compared to 27% who did not experience (p<0.05) and 59% (p<0.05) of women reported problems during menses. The odds ratio shows that women’s perception that ‘If a woman is married then she should be ready for sex with her husband whenever he demands’ is the most significant predictor of coercive sex followed by inter spousal communication.

Sexual harassment is an important public issue due to its negative impacts on the society.
This paper aims to examine the prevalence of sexual harassment perpetrated by employers on their employees in some companies and organizations identifies the characteristics associated with this phenomenon.
The data used in this paper comes from a cross-sectional survey on Sexual harassment at the workplace carried out in 2008. A total of 1,437 working class women aged between 25-55 from Kampala, Mukono and Entebbe districts were interviewed and associations between sexual harassment and the explanatory variables were assessed and analyzed.
Overall, about three in five women (58%) had experienced some form of sexual harassment by their employers.
Women who accepted to have sexual encounters with their bosses constituted 26% and these were less likely to be fired or demoted even if they were underperforming.
The study indicates that sexual harassment at work place against women in Uganda is wide spread. Programs should focus on education and women's empowerment to reduce sexual harassment and protect women's rights. Furthermore, sensitizing the male employers about the dangers of violating women’s right should be encouraged to minimize sexual advances and sexual harassment from employers.

Improving the quality of human resources need to consider gender equality in all areas of development. The purpose of this study is to establish a composite index of gender equality that includes aspects of quality of life, and protection against violence.
The various data were used such as the 2007 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), 2007 National Socio-Economics Survey (NSES), the 2007 National Labor Force Survey (NLFS), 2006 Violence Module of National Socio-Economics Survey (NSES), and administrative data of the General Elections Commission (KPU). This method is a new method of calculating a composite index at provincial level included the dimensions of quality of life and protection from violence.
Conclusion and Recommendations:
The achievement of women in the aspects of education, economics and representation in parliament still need attention, with significant comparisons. There are striking differences in the aspects of decision making, namely representation in parliament. The results of the 2007 national IKKG calculation shows the gender equality and equity in 5 aspects of development at the national level has reached 79.3 percent.
Keywords: index, com

Consanguinity is still common in the Middle East. This paper examines the relation between consanguinity and intimate partner violence (IPV). The Demographic and Health Surveys in Egypt (2005; n=5,240) and Jordan (2007; n=3,444) and binary logistic regression models were used to assess this association. IPV, namely physical, emotional and sexual violence, during the past year was fairly similar in both countries. Physical violence was 18% in Egypt and 12% in Jordan; emotional violence was 10% in both countries; while sexual violence was lower at 6% in Jordan and 4% in Egypt. Jordan was having a higher rate of consanguinity (39%) as compared to Egypt (33%). Findings show significant association between consanguinity and experience of emotional , but not physical or sexual, IPV during past year in both countries. Duration of marriage, education, and wealth were also found to be important determinants. Policy implications of the findings will be discussed.

Domestic violence has continued throughout history unreported and unchallenged. It has profound effect on women. After marriage, the greater risk of violence for women continues to be in their home where husband and family live together. Data on this issue is hard to come by as there are very few studies done on this subject. Information on women facing different types of domestic violence was collected for the first time in the 2011 Nepal DHS. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study domestic violence among ever married women in Nepal and associated factors. The Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS), 2011 which covered 3224 ever married women, those interviewed domestic violence modules. Background characteristics such as age, working status, marital status, number of living children, residence, region, education level of women, religion and wealth index are link to three different category of violence those are less severe violence, severe violence and sexual violence. Bivariate analysis is used to examine the variation of three category of violence by background characteristics. All the three category of violence are more among aged women. Further, the analysis shows that terai region women and Muslim women were more experienced all these three violence. Key words:Nepal, severe violence, sexual violence, DHS

Introduction
Study examined extent to which cultural obligations promote violence and discriminations against HIV positive women.

Materials and method:
Data collection instruments were questionnaire, focus group discussion and interview guides. A total sample of 98 HIV positive women in network of people living positively was studied. Five key informants were interviewed to authenticate responses got from women. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.
Results
About 59(60%) of the women were ejected from matrimonial homes and 85(86.7%) denied rights to family resources. These women complained of insufficient money to procure ART and food items. As high as 78(79.6%) were aware of risks of unprotected sex, yet 54(55%) of them practised it. Common reason given was that sex attracted money.
Conclusion
Proportion of women with no access to family resources, suggests extensive discrimination, pervasive marginalization, and violence . Therefore, enlightenment seminars are needed to reduce violence on HIV positive women.

Human trafficking is a dangerous phenomenon that in the 21st century, threat all of the international community.
Buying and selling of humans and abuse of human there has long. Especially trafficking in women and girls for use in places of corruption and forcing them into prostitution has expanded considerably. Human trafficking, especially women and girls has become a global catastrophe and Despite the efforts of state and government have failed to achieve much success in the inhibition. These women and children are kidnapped by trafficking gangs and without informing the parents are sent to another country and or with parent's satisfaction are sold in exchange for money. In other words, in any case before they are transferred to a forced migration. Open this result is to undermine human rights in diverse societies. Query design in this context it is what factors cause the incidence and spread this detrimental phenomenon? Is there a way to reduce that? Whether this phenomenon is unique to Third World countries?
In this paper, we first analyze the sociological and legal trafficking of women and children in Iran and we will analyze Impact of forced migration in the extension of it. And next we analyze the position of different countries in relation to the trafficking of women and children.

The prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the Democratic Republic of Congo is among the highest in the world. The data analyzed in this paper are derived from a 2012 survey in two provinces in Eastern DRC: Nord Kivu and Sud Kivu. First, we assessed the prevalence of the various forms of intimate partner violence (physical, sexual and emotional) for men and women. Subsequently, we used logistic regression to identify the factors associated with recent experience of IPV for each sex. The data showed that the various forms of IPV were common among men and women in the study provinces. More than one quarter of men and 40% of women have reportedly ever experienced physical IPV while 15.7% of men and 25.1% of women have ever experienced sexual form of IPV. Moreover, the various forms of IPV were strongly correlated, such that many men and women had been exposed to multiple forms of IPV in their lifetime. The factors associated with an experience of IPV differ depending on the type of IPV and by sex. The data suggest that addressing IPV in DRC will require a comprehensive approach. Programs focusing on improving partner communication, reducing alcohol abuse and strengthening community structures for IPV reduction and those that specifically target people with low education should be part of this comprehensive approach.