Gender, work and family (1)

Dina Li Suarez, Perú
dinali_2000@yahoo.com
Asociación Peruana de Demografía y Población APDP
I. Summary
This paper analyzes the family work done by women and men in the domestic sphere, throughout the life cycle, differentiated according to the demographic and social characteristics, based on the National Survey on Time Use 2010. The data shows the increased participation of women in household chores and the care of people, work that constitutes a barrier and limits opportunities for women in the labor market, keeping its contribution invisible to economic development. It is this situation that keeps them in a relationship of economic dependence, leaving power to the male counterpart.
Women spend on domestic work 40 hours per week and men only 16 hours: 24 hours of work for which they receive no pay. Gender analysis highlights that gaps are larger in women who are married, less educated, living in rural areas and poorest, and have the greatest burden of domestic work, which is unpaid keeping the non-visibility given its low valuation and the exclusion of national accounts.

Women as half of the population play a vital role in socio-economic life of any society. Improvement or diminishing status of women makes socio-economic life process of the society enhanced or critical. Given the fact that women deal with the most important demographic event, fertility, and they cooperate closely in the family continuation, it is necessary to analyze their status. It helps to plan appropriate policies to enhance their situation. This paper aims to portrait status of women in Kermanshah province using data from different sources.

China’s population has undergone ageing rapidly over the last decades and the level of population aging in rural areas is higher than that of the urban areas. Using the data from survey conducted in rural areas of Shaanxi Province in Northwest of China in 2011, the paper establishes multi-dimension measures to explore the gender difference and influential factors of China’s rural elderly participation. Some tentative findings have been drawn. First, social participation of female elderly are generally lower than that of male one. Second, each dimension of social participation shows imbalanced extend, both male and female elderly seldom participate economic activities, political participation has little higher than that of economic one, while the elderly are more likely participate cultural activities. Third, for the male elderly, those who are young, live with their spouse, engage in non-agricultural industry have higher social participation rate. And some community variables have significant effect on their participation. Fourth, for the female elderly, those who are young, have good health are more likely have higher social participation rate, while community variables have no significant effect on their participation indicated universal phenomena of low social participation for female elderly in rural China.

The study examines the relationship between women's role and socioeconomic and demographic changes that is taking place in Nepal during conflict and post conflict periods. It is done in the interest of describing the contours of current knowledge and frontiers of new research which suggests that rethinking existing theories and underlying assumptions is crucial. Although there has been much research on women's participation in socioeconomic development suggesting gender inclusion as critical to mainstreaming the development process, there is less work/research showing the links between roles played by women as compared to men at the HH and macro levels of development outcomes. Much of the research, used as evidence of the importance of women's role to socio-demographic and economic development, is based on weak design and measurement tools. We know little about the effects of women's work performed at HH level on macro level outcomes. This study shows the significant links between HH level work effort made by women and men on the macro outcomes. It has important implications for improving key indicators for sustainable human and socioeconomic development that enhance and advance gender equality.

The financial demands and cost of living on the Indian families are tremendously increasing. As a result women which is known as homemakers are forced to go for jobs. Working women are faced with lot more challenges. The major burden of running the family is on the shoulders of women. They have to take up a 9-5 job plus handle all the household chores.
In this paper, life of working women both married and never married in different services sector organizations of Mumbai is investigated. Population used for the study was all working women working who commuting by the local train.
The study employs data that include qualitative information. Qualitative data include primary source. It is collected through a survey (self administered questionnaire).Interview schedule has been carried out between March 2012 and April 2012.Respondent have been selected from the Mumbai area like Dadar, Ghatkopar, Thane, Bhandup, Vikroli, Govandi and in Navi-Mumbai (Airoli , Ghansoli, vashi, ) of Maharashtra State.
The study shows that married working women faced more problems like balancing work-family life; less leisure time, less autonomy than never married working women. Very less amount of money is spent on health, major spending is done on household things.

This paper attempts to measure the impact of various socio-economic variables on female labour force participation (LFP) in Kathmandu Valley- the most populous region of Nepal. Attempts have also been made to measure the rural/urban differentials and to examine how these determinants associate with female LFP. The data from the Nepal Labour Force Survey 2008/2009 is analyzed by the logistic regression model. Based on the results of chi-squared tests and theoretical models which explain female labour force participation, a number of potential variables for inclusion in the logistic regression are identified. The study shows the prevalence of gender differentials in labour force participation which is more profound in urban than rural areas. The study also reveals that female labour in the valley is largely concentrated in subsistence agriculture, retail trade, textiles, crafts with less than one third employed population working as paid employees. In contrary to the general finding about the influence of education on labour force participation, this study has found that women with less than primary education have the highest FLFP followed by labour force participation of women with "No schooling" and completed primary education.

While the importance of tourism industry on enhancing socio economic development of the local community is widely recognized in Tanzania. There is scant information on gender issues that exists in the tourism industry. This paper addresses the nature and character of gender issues in tourism industry in Tanzania. The study adopted mixed methods approaches where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS computer program, descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated to describe gender issues in tourism industry. The study found that women faces gender discrimination in work places but had low level of knowledge about gender issues. Economic factors was found to be a major cause for gender issues in tourism industry. Furthermore, the study found that women fear to expose gender issues due to different reasons such as to loose their jobs when exposing their male bosses and stigma from fellow colleagues and ignorance. The study recommends the employers of tourist industry to develop and strengthen workers knowledge to address gender issues in their respective work places. Moreover, the government and NGOs should design gender sensitive monitoring and evaluation tools for tracking gender issues in the tourism industry.

Using data on non-partnered individuals aged 22-35 from eight European countries (N = 8,443), we investigate expected consequences of moving in with a partner within the next three years. Results confirmed that Swedes had the highest probability of expecting improvements in their financial situation, whereas respondents from Belgium, France, and Russia had the lowest probability of anticipating decreasing career opportunities. Further, Romanians and Swedes were most likely to expect less personal freedom, whereas Hungarian and French respondents were most likely to expect increasing life satisfaction. Across all countries, women were significantly more likely than men to expect an improved financial situation. This gender gap was biggest in Bulgaria, Romania and Russia and smallest in Sweden, France and Belgium. Also, Bulgarian men were more likely to anticipate a loss in employment opportunities and personal freedom than women. In Austria, men were more likely to expect increasing life satisfaction than women.

Cilacap Selatan Sub-District is an area which has the highest number of divorce cases among other in Cilacap. Divorce is an indicator of inharmonious relationship in a household scope. The indicator can be viewed from the role of husband and wife on decision making process in household matters. The research taken from two villages in Cilacap Selatan Sub-District, Cilacap and Tegalreja, with different physical and socio economy characteristics. The research aimed to recite the role of husband and wife on decision making process and to understand the strength of correlation among dependent factors of marriage couple on decision making process in household matters. The method used in the research was surveying research method.The representative respondent chosen were marriage couples in Cilacap Selatan as work as fisherman and non-fisherman in Tegalreja. The result of the research showed most of decision making process in Cilacap Selatan was dominated by wife, whereas in Tegalreja the decision making process was done without dominancy. Educational background factor in marriage couple had positive correlation on decision making process. Couple properties, marriage age and household income had no correlation on decision making process in household.

Keyword : husband, wife, decision making process in household

Analysts found that even in the face of unequal distribution of housework, wives are content and untroubled by this. My main interest is to look at the outcomes of unequal distribution of household work. In this paper the specific outcomes are considered to be the satisfaction regarding the distribution of housework, the conflict over the distribution of housework, satisfaction with the relationship and the thoughts of divorce. I will try to analyze if the perceived distribution of housework has an effect on the quality of the relationship, mediated by the negative outcomes. I used the date from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey, for three Eastern-European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania). The results show that the distribution of household labor is the main factor in explaining the variation in the satisfaction with household labor, while the latter mediates the effect on the quality of the relationship and on thought of divorce.