Poster session on Population ageing and intergenerational relations (1)

Many countries across the globe have begun introducing Social Security System in order to assure a minimum standard of living for its old age population. Research around the world clearly demonstrates their impact on improving lives of older people. Government of Nepal has introduced a non-contributory benefit of income maintenance type of social security program where government provides cash transfer to all senior citizens aged 70 years.

With the growing rise in the budgetary allocation over years there is a growing concern regarding the management and long term sustainability of the program. In the light of the growing concern this paper examines the current status and effectiveness of the social security system in Nepal.

Using institutional and beneficiary survey the study found increasing magnitude of social security allowance expenditure. Serious problem of misappropriation of fund, transparency/accountability has been evident from the survey. Social security allowance has been helpful on economic wellbeing of the beneficiaries. The results suggest that beneficiaries have crucial role on the household decision making.

Some of the challenges include limited institutional capacity misuse and misappropriation of the fund unsettled advances payment through banks and poor information management.

This study aimed to explore the relationship of perceived health with all-cause mortality among the older persons in Thailand. The data from the National Health Examination Survey III (NHES III) conducted in 2004 were linked to 2004-2008 death records from vital registration system using a unique personal identifier which existed in both data sources. The total samples of 17 439 older persons aged 60 years and older were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Survival time was calculated as the interval between interview date and date of death or until the date of 31st August 2008 if those older persons were still alive.

The findings indicated that mortality increased across bad health status. The older persons who had fair perceived health were 1.21 (95% CI 1.10-1.34) times more likely to die than very good/good health counterparts and the bad/very bad perceived health older persons were 1.66 (95% CI 1.46-1.88) times more likely to die than the very good/good health older persons.

As a result of declining birth rates, improvements in health care, and a slow down in mortality at older ages we are living in an increasingly aging world. The impact of population aging (PA) on infectious diseases, and in particular the role of antibiotic resistant pathogens, has been understudied. The elderly consume relatively large amounts of antibiotics, have higher rates of hospitalization, and many are immune-suppressed; therefore PA could have significant implications for future rates of antibiotic resistance. The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of population structure (specifically the increasing share of the population that will be 65+) on antibiotic resistance in the US. Data on antibiotic resistance and consumption, hospitalization rates, and socioeconomic factors, stratified by age and geographic region, are available from 2008-10. Antibiotic resistance data will come from the Surveillance Network database, while antibiotic use data will come from IMS Health’s Xponent database. Hospitalization data is available from the National Inpatient Survey. Socioeconomic data is available from the US census bureau. We expect to find that, controlling for other factors, an increase in the proportion of the population above the age of 65 has had a strong and positive effect on antibiotic resistance.

The paper will analyze and compare trends in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in selected European countries from 1995 to 2010. The length of human life can be expressed by the indicator of life expectancy of an x-year old person. Life expectancy is understood as the average age of the deaths in a stationary population. But the healthy life expectancy can be considered as an indicator that tells us how many of these years are spent by the people in good health.
In this paper data about life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth and of a 65-year-old person for selected European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Czech Republic, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, Estonia) will be compared. Data will be examined separately for men and women in the period 1995-2011.
Calculated absolute and relative changes in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy between years as well as differences between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy will be supplemented by figures and the graphical visualization of the data.

Public health expenditure has a clear tendency of increase in Spain in recent years. Assessing its determinants is extremely important to predict future health consumption and adjust government policies to attend future demand. Population aging is among one of the most important variables that trigger health expenditures. Deeper analysis is needed to understand which is the share of health costs growth attributable to population aging, regarding other factors like technological change or budget level allocated to health expenditures. We use a hospital cost survey to analyze the age profile of public expenditures on hospitals during the last decade in Spain. Results show that during these years average hospital spending by age grew constantly for almost all age groups, but especially among the elderly. Health care for people 80 years of age or above increased 141% from 2000 to 2009, even though they represent only 13% of the total hospital expenditure.

India, the world’s second most populous country, is developing alongside a rapidly graying population. Since ageing is an emerging issue in India, providing for a rapidly increasing number of disabled elderly persons is bound to be a major challenge for the government and people. In this paper we examine how much difference exists in life expectancy (LE) and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), to examine the trend of prevalence of disabilities and the disparities in the demographic, socio and economic variables in the prevalence of disability. Data for the study was taken from the Kerala Ageing Survey conducted by Centre for Development Studies in 2004, 2007 and 2010 and Sample Registration System of India. Sullivan’s method is used to calculate Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE). The proportion of life expectancy free of disability decreases with age and the proportion of life expectancy to be spent in disabled state increases with age. As more and more people age and tend to develop disability, it will be a huge financial burden to individual, family and government. The paper also outlines the need for early detection and comprehensive policy interventions and social services to be extended to the elderly particularly the disabled.

India lacks adequate social security and institutional set up to support the growing proportion and number of aged population. Therefore, family and relatives continue to provide support to the health and well being of the elderly. This paper attempts to examine differential in treatment seeking and the factors responsible for such differential among the elderly from similar economic group but with different living arrangements using NSSO 60th round (25.0 sob-round) data. Gini concentration index has been used to find out the intra-economic group inequality in treatment seeking due to living arrangement. Decomposition analysis has been done to find out the importance of living arrangement and other factors of treatment seeking behaviour. Treatment seeking is highest among elderly living with spouse and other members and lowest among those live alone or with non-relatives. Sex and economic dependency do not play significant role in treatment seeking behaviour in middle and high MPCE households.

The objective is to discuss the contradictions and the impact on poverty reduction of the Brazilian policies aimed to replace elderly income.
Brazilian Government has made great advances in ensuring a minimum income to the elderly population. However, these policies have some contradictions. One of them
is that individuals are fulfilling the conditions for retirement too young considering that life expectation has increased and health conditions have improved. So, they receive pensions but keep working. Another one is that women start to get the benefit earlier than men. This takes place in despite of them have a higher life expectation.
It cannot be denied that these policies have fulfilled an important role in reducing poverty among the elderly. Nevertheless, it is argued that better living standard for them has brought about income inequalities among the age groups. But the nature of the two benefits is quite different. The benefit for non-elderly persons aims to take off poor individuals from this situation and to give them conditions for entering in the labor market. Its value cannot be high in order not to disincentive them to look for a job, On the other hand, the social assistance benefit for elderly population is target to a very poor group, which has certainly lost the conditions to generate their own income

Population ageing is a triumph and a challenge for development in the 21st century. The population of Russia is rapidly ageing, and with ageing progress the need for thorough analysis of this process increases. Demographic development of Russia is characterized by very high mortality difference by sex and by significant imbalance between males and females in population age composition.

The paper aims at analysing gender differences in ageing development in the Russian Federation since the beginning of the 1990s.

Changes in number and percentage of the elderly (60+) and the number of males per 1000 females in older age groups are considered. Special attention is given to gender gap in life expectancy at older ages. Regional aspect is touched on, and comparisons with developed European countries are made.

The paper is based on censuses (including the last 2010 census) and data on vital events.

Ageing process in Russia is characterized by significant imbalance between males and females in population age structure, moreover, the older is the age the greater is imbalance. Male life expectancy is lower than female one, leading to high prevalence of widowhood, the latter increasing with age. Without taking account of gender differences, ageing policies are doomed to be ineffective.

Objectives: Prevalence of unmet and undermet needs for personal assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs among older Canadians with disabilities is examined. Characteristics that may differ between persons with met and unmet needs are also investigated.
Methods: Using the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) data, eight ADLs and IADLs are examined. The overall prevalence of the population with unmet or undermet needs is calculated as well as the prevalence of met, undermet and unmet need for each activity. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions are performed, respectively, for the two models. The independent variables in the model include: age, sex, country of birth, living arrangements, number of surviving children, schooling level, region of residence, number of activities for which help is needed, and disability level.
Results: 503,000 older Canadians with a disability, with needs, and living in private households had at least one unmet or undermet need in 2006. Among them, 47.3% don’t receive all the help for 2 or more needs (activity). Highest prevalences of unmet/undermet needs are observed for heavy household chores and moving about. The number of needs, the disability severity, and to a lesser extent education, significantly increases the probability of having